Table of Content

15 September 2015, Volume 41 Issue 5 Previous Issue    Next Issue

EXPLORATION AND FREE VIEWS

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IOC Reform Trend and China’s Mission WANG Runbin,XIAO Libin 2015, 41 (5):  1-6.  doi: 10.15942/j.jcsu.2015.05.001 Abstract ( 2087 )   PDF (1156KB) ( 2306 )   Save Promoted by President Thomas Bach, the International Olympic Committee recently passed a landmark reform plan "Olympic Agenda 2020", which clearly put forward 40 reform measures including the "sustainability of the Olympic Games, the position of athletes, propagation and education of Olympism, autonomy and good governance of the Olympic organizations". The Agenda reflects the IOC’s reform initiative, but the IOC is also faced with the challenges of implementing the measures. China, as a country that is shouldering increasingly important missions and responsibilities in the international Olympic affairs, should play the role of reform pioneer and fugleman by complying with the reform and participating in the reform process. Related Articles | Metrics

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From Sports Management to Sports Governance: Reformation Backgrounds and Innovative Connotation WANG Shaoli 2015, 41 (5):  7-13.  doi: 10.15942/j.jcsu.2015.05.002 Abstract ( 2156 )   PDF (1132KB) ( 2179 )   Save The state strategic backgrounds of promoting modernization of the state governance system and governance capability, the new trends of social democratization, commercialization and digitization in current China have made the transition necessary from sports management to sports governance both in ideas and practice. As far as the connotation is concerned, sports governance, in essence, is a kind of state sports operation mode co-conducted by the state, society and individuals with the mature system guarantee, the purpose of which is aiming at the realization of sound sports governess through multi-cogoverness and consultative democracy. It is a reasonable sublation and transcendence of the traditional sports management mode. Related Articles | Metrics

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Comparative Research Russia’s System of Laborand Defense and China's National Physical Training Standard Implementation Measures MA Zhongli, LI Yongbin 2015, 41 (5):  12-16.  doi: 10.15942/j.jcsu.2015.05.003 Abstract ( 2079 )   PDF (1145KB) ( 2193 )   Save Objective: The purpose of the study is to compare and analyze Russia’s System of Labor and Defense and China's National Physical Training Standards Implementation Measures. Methods: the paper analyzes the concerning material of Russia’s System of Labor and Defense and China's National Physical Training Standards Implementation Measures and experts are interviewed. Conclusion: Russia’s System of Labor and Defense is more advanced than China's National Physical Training Standards Implementation Measures in that it is characterized by its high strategic level, diversified and exquisite testing items with Russian characteristics, and its explicit subject of responsibility with wide range of coordination. Suggestions: National awareness of the "standard" should be strengthened, the provisions of the standard should be more specific, Chinese characteristics, traditional and some competitive sports contents should be added with more sports and fitness knowledge tests. Sports prescriptions should be worked out for different sports population and Standard should be issued by the state. Related Articles | Metrics

MONOGRAPHIC RESEARCH--SPORTS MANAGEMENT

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Preliminary Conception of Synchronized Development of Sports Cultural and Economy in Tianfu New Area LIU Jianhe,LI Jie,QING Ping,LUO Qiufeng 2015, 41 (5):  17-22.  doi: 10.15942/j.jcsu.2015.05.004 Abstract ( 1958 )   PDF (1148KB) ( 2227 )   Save Sports culture is a relatively weak part in the construction and development of the Tianfu New Area, while it is also one of the important issues reflecting the characteristics of the Tianfu New Area. The research, using documentary, comparative method and logic analysis, studies the necessity, possibility as well as the problems of the synchronous development of sports culture and economy in the area. The results showed that sports culture development is of great importance to the realization of overall optimum objects of the new area’s social development. Upon the basis of illustrating the experiences of coordinated development between sports culture and urban economic development in European and American developed countries, it proposed that the top-level design of national polices should be fulfilled, the industrialized urban sports events league should be taken as its medium and long term planning, self-organized national fitness activities should be actively encouraged, and the important function of school physical education should be fully exerted during the construction of the Tianfu New Area. Related Articles | Metrics

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Legal Relationship in Government Purchasing of Sports Public Service WANG Quansheng,HUANG Lansong 2015, 41 (5):  23-28.  doi: 10.15942/j.jcsu.2015.05.005 Abstract ( 2013 )   PDF (1268KB) ( 1714 )   Save Government purchasing of sports public service is the government behavior of purchasing sports public service from enterprises, institutions and other social organizations, in which process, the local people's governments at various levels are the main purchasers with the qualified enterprises, institutions and social organizations as the main suppliers. The object of government purchase is a certain kind of "sports public service” generally included in the government purchasing directory. The content of the purchase is the relations of rights and obligations(which are established by the purchasing contract) between the purchasers and the suppliers. Related Articles | Metrics

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Exploration of Government Purchasing Mode of Public Sports Service XIE Zhengyang, TANG Jilan, LIU Hongjian 2015, 41 (5):  29-33.  doi: 10.15942/j.jcsu.2015.05.006 Abstract ( 1679 )   PDF (1339KB) ( 2268 )   Save Using method of documentary, survey and logical induction, the paper discusses the diversified public sports service supply mechanism in China to support the theory and practice of diversification of public sports services by organically integrating socialist market economic theory and contemporary Marxist theory with supply reform of public sports service. It conducts a case study of Changzhou in terms of its sports public service purchasing to explore the diversified supply approaches of public sports service. The results believe that the government purchasing measures of public sports service can be laid down by determining the purchasing and supplying subjects. The purchasing mechanism of sports public services can be established based on discussion and coordination, supervision and examination, performance evaluation and information transparence. Related Articles | Metrics

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China’s Youth Sports Public Service System Basedon the Roadmap Method JIANG Han, LIU Mingyi 2015, 41 (5):  34-38.  doi: 10.15942/j.jcsu.2015.05.007 Abstract ( 2076 )   PDF (1400KB) ( 2077 )   Save Based on the roadmap theory, the paper systematically analyzes the basic concepts and range of the construction of China’s sports public service system for teenagers. The research believes that teenagers’ sports participation and success rates of talent training can serve as the demand and target with the specialized commanding system, the guarantee system of policies and regulations, the sports service guiding system and the evaluation system of execution efficiency as the core task. The key indexes are constituted by the seven modules of health and fitness monitoring, sports skill guidance, sports venue guarantee, sports events organization, sports organization guarantee, sports training service and elite training. The government departments should transform their functions and co-govern with society so as to stimulate market vitality and realize the ultimate goal. Related Articles | Metrics

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Operating Performance Evaluation Systemof Large Sprorts Venues Based on Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process DU Zhaohui 2015, 41 (5):  39-43.  doi: 10.15942/j.jcsu.2015.05.008 Abstract ( 2479 )   PDF (1407KB) ( 3203 )   Save Large sports venues are the important carriers of sports industry development which serve as the important guarantee to meet the needs of both competitive sports and fitness and mass cultural and recreational activities. Large sports venues are generally faced with the problems of fund shortage, monotonous operation approaches and low utilization rate. The performance management has long been the bottleneck that affects or even restricts the efficient operations of such venues. The paper, based on field survey and analysis, establishes the performance evaluation system for large sports venues and suggests a performance evaluation method based on FAHP. Related Articles | Metrics

MONOGRAPHIC RESEARCH--SPORTS HISTORY AND CULTURE

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Preservation and Transfer of Ritual Sportsand Social Memories GUO Jun ,QIU Jun ,TIAN Enqing 2015, 41 (5):  44-48.  doi: 10.15942/j.jcsu.2015.05.009 Abstract ( 2131 )   PDF (1161KB) ( 2377 )   Save Based on Hblbwachs’ “collective memory”, Paul Connerton put forward the concept of “social memory”. Connerton believes that society has its own memory just as individuals which can be preserved and transferred through memorial services and physical practice. Ritual sports provides a “field” for the participants to recall and acquire their ethnic culture, religion, social customs, social norms, group technology and history. In the process of repeated participation and experience, the knowledge becomes an important part of their memories and turns into the memories shared by the whole group through ritual effects and social construction. Ritual sports, as a social behavior, is a physical process based on physical practice, through which social memory is deposited in the participants’ body and is thus preserved and transferred. Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis of Women's Physical Education in the Late-Qing and Early-ROC Period From thePerspective Body Sociology YANG Yuhua,ZHANG Zhuo,WU Guangliang 2015, 41 (5):  49-54.  doi: 10.15942/j.jcsu.2015.05.010 Abstract ( 3448 )   PDF (1161KB) ( 2708 )   Save In the Late-Qing-Early-ROC Period, women’s body was raised into the stage of history by a life-and-death national crisis. In the name of the state and nation, women’s body was reconstructed, which resulted in the vigorous growth of women's physical education. Focusing on this historic period which was crucial in body sociology, the research mainly probes into the transmission period during which the image of “new women” was established through physical education and conscious body awareness. The research result indicates that Church girls’ schools and state-run girls’ schools were two major places providing physical education for girls and the country provided system guarantee by designing systems, compiling textbooks and training teaching staff. Most women’s bodies were no longer family-stuck because they were gradually owned and employed by the country. Related Articles | Metrics

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Development History of Chinese Sports Films and Its Cultural Function Research Under theBackground of China Dream JIANG Wen, XU Ming, LI Xin 2015, 41 (5):  55-59.  doi: 10.15942/j.jcsu.2015.05.011 Abstract ( 2051 )   PDF (1132KB) ( 2407 )   Save The realization of China dream has to depend on a solid material and cultural foundation. Sports films can both serve as an important carrier of sports culture and promote the national fitness program so as to propel the development of sports industry, which constitutes the material foundation for the realization of China Dream. The paper analyzes the cultural function and the development strategy of sports films in contemporary China under the background of China Dream. It is of strategic significance for the development of sport film industry and the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. Related Articles | Metrics

SPORTS HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCE

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Sports Consumption Market Development Strategy Under the Background of Diversified Social Classes MA Dehao,JI Liu 2015, 41 (5):  60-65.  doi: 10.15942/j.jcsu.2015.05.012 Abstract ( 1824 )   PDF (1205KB) ( 2303 )   Save The widening gap between classes has led to an increasing consumer division among different social classes which has also been reflected in sports consumption.Based on this, the paper analyzes the different sports consumption characteristics of different classes from the perspective of consumer economics, with the result indicating that upper classes pay more attention to the identity of sports consumption its social interaction value.Middle classes pay more attention to the experiences of sports consumption and its value on entertainment.Lower classes focus more on the practicality of sports consumption and its value on physical fitness.This also requires market organizations to develop participatory, material and spectator-sports consumption based on the different sports consumption characteristics of different classes. Related Articles | Metrics

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Development and Strategy Orientation of UndertakingInternational Sports Manufacturing Industry WANG Jiechun,XIANG Yaguang 2015, 41 (5):  66-69.  doi: 10.15942/j.jcsu.2015.05.013 Abstract ( 1466 )   PDF (1169KB) ( 1969 )   Save The paper, depending on the methods of literature, mathematical statistics and so on, analyzes the transfer and development strategy orientation of international sports manufacturing industry, believing that the undertaking places are characterized by their flexible approval policies, efforts of supporting market competition, absorption of foreign technologies, creating self-owned brands, emphasis on the introduction of national sports, development of new sports markets, attention to user experience and devotion to research and innovation. These orientations provide some references for China’s underdeveloped areas to undertake sports manufacturing industry. Related Articles | Metrics

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Assessment of the Coupling of Sports Recreation Industry and Tourism Industry SHAO Minghu 2015, 41 (5):  70-76.  doi: 10.15942/j.jcsu.2015.05.014 Abstract ( 1837 )   PDF (1782KB) ( 2127 )   Save The interaction between sports recreation industry and tourism industry is objective demand of the social and economic development, so quantitative analysis on the coupling degree and the development level of interaction can result in a scientific judgment of the development of sports and recreation industry.Based on the deep analysis of the connotation and interaction mechanism between sports recreation industry and tourism industry, the paper constructs the three dimensional assessment index system(development scale, brand benefit and economic benefit) as well as 25 second level indexes.The results show that the development Hangzhou sports leisure industry and tourism industry on the whole indicates steady and fast rising trend, while the comprehensive development level of leisure sports industry lags behind that of tourism industry during the same period.Regional coordinated development level between the two demonstrates imbalance.The paper thus suggests the follow-up research direction. Related Articles | Metrics

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Evolution of Spatial Agglomeration of the Provincial Competitive Sports Strengths Since the Founding of PRC WEI Deyang,WEI Shengmin,LEI Wen 2015, 41 (5):  77-81.  doi: 10.15942/j.jcsu.2015.05.015 Abstract ( 1774 )   PDF (1353KB) ( 2272 )   Save Balanced development of “provincial competitive sports” ( PCS) is an important aspect of sustainable sports development in China. By collecting the scores obtained by each province in the previous National Games (reflecting the strength of PCS) and its related social development indexes, the paper, using the models of ESDA and OpenGeoDa and ArcGIS10 software for data processing, analyzes the evolution of spatial agglomeration and its influence factor regarding the strength of PCS. The research shows that the strength of PCS has obvious spatial agglomeration features since the founding of PRC, the degree of which went through four processes of waning, steadily increasing, rapid declining and detouring to stability. LISA scatter diagram shows that the positive spatial correlation of PCS indicates a "high-high", "low-low" agglomeration distribution characteristics with the “low-low" agglomeration features more prominent. From the founding of the PRC to the end of the 20th Century, only the "low-low" type region remain relatively stable while big changes are witnessed in the spatial distribution of "polarization", "cold", "hot" regions. It was not until after 2005 when the four types of spatial distribution patterns became basically stable. Related Articles | Metrics

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Scientific Research Status of Sanda(Free Combat) LI Fugang,TU Linlin,JI Liu 2015, 41 (5):  82-87.  doi: 10.15942/j.jcsu.2015.05.016 Abstract ( 1879 )   PDF (1154KB) ( 2195 )   Save Depending on the methods of literature review, mathematical statistics and logical analysis, this paper studies the Sanda scientific research status by researching the Sanda research papers included by CNKI from1979 to 2013. The results show that the scientific research on Sanda has roughly experienced three stages, namely the initial stage, the slow development stage and the rapid development stage with unbalanced distribution of the research contents. Therefore it is suggested that the decision-making sections of all levels should attach great importance to the development of Sanda and strengthen research project approval and capital investment. We should deepen the research of the advantaged fields and strengthen the researches in s the weak fields. We should also take advantage of advanced technology and multidisciplinary cross-research methods so as to further improve the scientificness and applicability of Sanda researches. Related Articles | Metrics

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Women’s Image in Traditional Martial Arts YANG Liangbin,GUO Yucheng,GUO Faming 2015, 41 (5):  88-93.  doi: 10.15942/j.jcsu.2015.05.017 Abstract ( 2166 )   PDF (1185KB) ( 2279 )   Save Under the influence of the feudal culture, women used to be excluded from martial arts, but there are many traditional martial arts movements and routines created based on women’s image. In order to explain the phenomenon, the paper adopts literature method to analyze the access, form and meanings of women’s images in traditional martial arts. The result shows that women’s images entered traditional martial arts in a pictographic way. Women’s images in traditional martial arts explain the movements’ process, which marks the perfection of martial arts philosophy and indicates the gender concepts of the boxing creators and society. Related Articles | Metrics

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Outdoor Sports Talent Training and Enlightenmentin Foreign Universities WANG Xiangyu, SUN Laishuang 2015, 41 (5):  94-98.  doi: 10.15942/j.jcsu.2015.05.018 Abstract ( 1695 )   PDF (1185KB) ( 2113 )   Save The paper adopts literature data method to analyze the main training mode of outdoor sports talents of five foreign universities. The main conclusions show that German universities combine the professional qualification system with their school courses, which constitutes a complete “ binary training system”, while in America, Canada and other North American areas, CBE mode is adopted with the “school-enterprise combination” characteristics. In Asian-Pacific regions represented by Australia and New Zealand, TAFE mode is adopted to focus on professional education. The above-mentioned training modes will provide beneficial guidance to China to follow suit. Related Articles | Metrics

SPORTS TRAINING AND COMPETITION

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Logical Basis and Biological Principle of the Effective Training in Competitive Sports (Ⅰ) LI Jie, WANG Lixian 2015, 41 (5):  99-105.  doi: 10.15942/j.jcsu.2015.05.019 Abstract ( 2099 )   PDF (1203KB) ( 2093 )   Save From a training point of view, the paper researches and discusses the nature of sports items, the existing mode of special “quality” and “quantity”, the dialectical relationship of special “quality” and “quantity” and the regulations in competition target, the time dimension energy dissipation dimensions of quantity, the relationship of “effective training” and the competition target formation, the biological mechanism of the “order” formation. It further analyzes the logical basis of athletic “effective training” design, the existing way of athletic training “quantity” and biological adaption relationship, athletic training special payload convention, the complexity of “quantity” component factors. This will help to design and control application methods of athletic training “quantity” so as to correct the erroneous theoretical knowledge that widely exists, deepen the understanding of sports training rule and “three requirements and heavy load”, promote “effective training” and realize the scientific control of “effective training”, reduce ineffective training, reduce injury and diseases, improve the training efficiency. Related Articles | Metrics

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Characteristics of Changes in Muscle Oxygen Content and the Related Indexes During High Intensity IntervalTraining CHEN Wan, TIAN Shibin, LIU Qian, ZHANG Xiaohui, HUANG Chao, LIU Zhenyu, LI Yue 2015, 41 (5):  106-110.  doi: 10.15942/j.jcsu.2015.05.020 Abstract ( 2099 )   PDF (1385KB) ( 2212 )   Save Purpose: The paper is to explore the characteristics and regular patterns of dynamic changes of muscle oxygen content during high intensity interval training in swimmers and to analyze the correlation of blood lactic acid (LA), heart rate (HR), ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) before and after the training. Methods: Swimmers (n=15) from Shandong province were selected randomly for moderate intensity-intermittent mode-training. Each subject was instructed to step on cycle ergometer with all his effort for 30s, then a rest for 120s, and this behavior was repeated 3 times (3 repetitions=1 session, all together 2 sessions, the resting time between both sessions was 180-240s). Muscle oxygen parameters of vastus lateralis in subjects were continuously monitored; RPE and HR were collected at the end of each 30s cycling; 10μl blood sample from fingertip for LA testing was collected before and after the training. Results:(1) During each 30s cycling, the oxygenated haemoglobin content (CHbO2) and oxygen saturation in local tissue (TOI) of vastus lateralis both decreased sharply, while the reduced hemoglobin (CHb) increased quickly; (2) For both sessions, the levels of LA, HR and RPE post-training were higher than those pre-training respectively (p＜0.01); (3) There were high correlations between LA, HR and RPE before and after training respectively (p＜0.01). Conclusion: (1) Near Infrared Spectroscopy could be used continuously and noninvasively in real time to monitor the dynamic changes of TOI, CHbO2 and CHb of working muscles, which reflected the training effect during training session; (2) For the individual high intensity interval training, LA, HR and RPE are effective indicators for monitoring the training session. Related Articles | Metrics

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Applied Research of Specific Strength Trainingof Freestyle Skiing Aerial Skill at the Sochi WinterOlympics NIU Xuesong,BAI Ye,REN Haiying 2015, 41 (5):  111-116.  doi: 10.15942/j.jcsu.2015.05.021 Abstract ( 1693 )   PDF (1325KB) ( 1950 )   Save The purpose of this study is to perfect the training system of China’s freestyle skiing aerial skills and provide valuable reference for the specific strength and conditioning for the 2018 Pyeongchang Winter Olympics. The paper adopts the research methods of literature material, mathematical statistics and empirical method to conduct an applied research on the strength training of athletes’ aerial skills in freestyle skiing. Specific and effective strength training programs are designed according to the event laws, characteristics of freestyle skiing aerial skills and the athletes’ individual characteristics to control the strength training load rationally during training. The applied results of the specific strength training in 2013 suggest that not only the special skills of athletes gradually reach the greatest level before competition, but also the sports injury probability decreases obviously with effective rehabilitation on the part of the injured athletes. Related Articles | Metrics

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Independence of the NCAA Basketball Rules and Its Enlightenment on China’s College Basketball LUO Li 2015, 41 (5):  117-121.  doi: 10.15942/j.jcsu.2015.05.022 Abstract ( 1803 )   PDF (1134KB) ( 2516 )   Save The NCAA has always had its unique concept since its establishment. As one of the events, basketball has the characteristics of independence in setting up the rules because everything is separated and independent from the rules committee, rules and regulations, gender separation to refereeing systems, which has led the world basketball trend in some aspects, thus influencing professional basketball to some extent. The paper analyzes NCAA’s basketball rules so as to discuss its independence and influence and this will provide references for China’s college basketball development. Related Articles | Metrics

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A Review of the Studies on Women's Hockey Programof Fitness Training ZHANG Lifeng 2015, 41 (5):  122-126.  doi: 10.15942/j.jcsu.2015.05.023 Abstract ( 1860 )   PDF (1131KB) ( 1865 )   Save Physical training of the team events has been one of the hot research subjects and China is now following suit to launch its exploratory research in this field. Chinese women's hockey team won the silver medal at the 2008 Olympic Games, but the performance has been unsatisfactory in recent years due to physical strength failures and other factors. This paper investigates and analyzes the research and actual situation of the physical training of Chinese women's hockey to find out the drawbacks in physical training researches and practice. Related Articles | Metrics