Table of Content

20 April 2014, Volume 40 Issue 4 Previous Issue    Next Issue

DOCTOR FORUM

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Transformation to Visualization and Body Expression of Contemporary Sports from the Perspective of Popular Culture ZHANG Da-zhi 2014, 40 (4):  1-5.  Abstract ( 630 )   PDF (899KB) ( 1544 )   Save In contemporary society, the flourishing of sports culture is closely related to the rise of popular cultural in everyday life and the presentation forms of sports culture has undergone major changes. There exists an inherent conformity between sports and popular culture. Sports, on the one hand, constitutes an important part of popular culture, on the other it integrates itself into popular culture, thus creating more development space. In the process of interaction, the development of visual media technologies makes sports well known by the public. People no longer judge popular sports culture according to traditional and default values. Showing sexy body and beauty in sports is accepted by the public and the new body aesthetic standards lead to the reconstruction of sports. The update of body view expands of the outreach of sports concept on the one hand, at the same time it promotes the sport to integrate itself into the community, making it become an important perspective for observing society separation. Related Articles | Metrics

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Muscle View-A New Perspective of Selection of Women Bodybuilding Pathin the Era of Aesthetic Generalization CHENG-Zhou ming, 2014, 40 (4):  6-10.  Abstract ( 707 )   PDF (1178KB) ( 1637 )   Save Through referring to the literature materials and researching the phenomenon of aesthetic generalization, it is found that there is a misunderstanding about the reason which leads to women's aesthetics bias. Weight and body beauty are not only the main aesthetic elements, but also the direct motivation that stimulates women to do exercises. Womens' appeal for beauty tends to be too goal-obsessed and unscientific. The research believes that it is women's of the internal relationship between muscle and body beauty and health that leads to their subjective cognition for weight, emotional understanding for shaping body , and "blind" option for bodybuilding path. In fact, under the guidance of muscle view, women not only could wake up from the biased aesthetics, but also could find a new perspective of bodybuilding path. Related Articles | Metrics

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French Sports Development in the 18th and 19th Centuries—Reading notes of three-volumes History of Body ZHAO Ge 2014, 40 (4):  11-17.  Abstract ( 733 )   PDF (1381KB) ( 1711 )   Save By reading the three-volume 'History of Body' and referring to other historical literature, the development process of French sports in eighteen and nineteenth centuries is restored which is a transition from "violent sports to civilized sports", from "traditional rural sports to modern scientific sports ", and a period of "adhering to the tradition and learning from referencing foreign advantages". In this process, gymnastics played an influential and important role, the reason of which is that the failure in the war led the government and the nation to adopt the "half-military, half-educational" measure of "sports renaissance" so as to restore the national dignity. By the late nineteenth Century, it gradually developed into modern sports due to the influence of British sports. Related Articles | Metrics

SPORTS HISTORY AND CULTURE DISSEMINATION

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Effects of Antonio Gramsci's Cultural Hegemony on Western Sport Ideology WEI Wei 2014, 40 (4):  18-22.  Abstract ( 677 )   PDF (909KB) ( 1606 )   Save Antonio Gramsci, a well-known Italian thinker and social activist, was an important Marxism practitioner and theorist in the 20th century. His hegemony theory is the core theoretical foundation of Birmingham School and profoundly influences Frankfurt School as well. His theoretical system influences contemporary sports researches, especially the Left Wing positively. The research adopts literature review and logical analysis to dissect Gramsci's hegemony theory and discusses the effects of the theory on western sports ideology with the purpose of motivating the development of China's sports researches. Related Articles | Metrics

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Empirical Study of the Interaction between Sports Media and Migrant Concept WANG ZHI-Bin 2014, 40 (4):  23-27.  Abstract ( 609 )   PDF (895KB) ( 1718 )   Save This essay probes into the blending potentials of sports media from a theoretical perspective with the methods of documentary, questionnaire survey and interview and demonstrates the opinions about the sports media of Turkish immigrants, the largest immigrant group in Germany. The result of the empirical study shows that Sports media plays significant roles in helping Turkey immigrants blend successfully into the new environment. Meanwhile, from the perspective of media development, sports should be used fully to better and correctly convey important socialization contents. Sports media should produce programs containing diverse cultures to meet the requirement of people on sports media service. Related Articles | Metrics

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Theoretical Interpretation of the Concept Connotation and Value of the Image of Chinese Martial Arts LI Yuan,WANG Gang 2014, 40 (4):  28-33.  Abstract ( 798 )   PDF (916KB) ( 1748 )   Save In order to lay the theoretic foundation for the reshaping of the image of contemporary Chinese martial arts mainstream, this paper adopts the literature method, the theory of image and culture to systematically interpret its conception, existing form of nature and value. The research suggests that the image of Chinese martial arts is an ideographic practice based on the imagination of social groups and the nation. Its essence is to pursue and express "truth, virtue and beauty" of Chinese martial arts, with the combination and unity of "truth, virtue and beauty" as the highest realm it pursues. The image of Chinese martial arts not only reveals the "mystery false" and restores the truth, but also it is the heart stimulant, catalyst and booster of "seeking unity at home, development abroad and intensive development". Related Articles | Metrics

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Endogenous Obstacles and Development Approaches of Wushu Discipline CHEN Qing 2014, 40 (4):  34-38.  Abstract ( 591 )   PDF (900KB) ( 1703 )   Save Although Martial Arts subject had good cultural gene in the origin period and in the early development, it met with obstacles in the later stage of development, such as the limitations of physical behavior, the lack of universal spirit, the lack of core theory and system and fatigue of cultural extension, etc. These have seriously affected the evolution of Martial Arts subject, which in turn leads to the standstill of Martial Arts subject. In order to promote the development of Martial Arts subject, we should promote the evolution of Martial Arts subject with the help of the integration and modern consciousness and strength of the science and technology. Related Articles | Metrics

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Inheritance and Development of Folk Sports Culture under the Postmodern Thoughts YANG Kun-pu 2014, 40 (4):  39-41.  Abstract ( 648 )   PDF (862KB) ( 1716 )   Save Under the influence of cultural globalization and western competitive sports, the role of China' local traditional folk sports is subverted in the development of world sports and it is on the verge of withdrawing from the historical stage. To protect, inherit and develop this intangible cultural heritage better, the paper, from the perspective of post modernism, seeks to find a development path for folk sports. Related Articles | Metrics

SPORTS TEACHING AND TRAINING THERORY AND PRACTICE

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Effects of Long-Term Taiji Exercise on the Balance Ability in Older Women CHANG Shu-Wan, et al 2014, 40 (4):  42-47.  Abstract ( 713 )   PDF (1062KB) ( 1443 )   Save Objective The purpose of this study is to assess the static and dynamic balance ability of older women who have 10 years of Taiji exercise experience and compare their characteristics with those of their sedentary counterparts. Methods The static and dynamic balance of both groups (Taiji 19; control 26) are measured through three methods 1) counting the time of single-leg stance time with eyes open (SLO) and closed (SLC), 2) measuring sway of the center of pressure (COP) during static standing on Good Balance (Mertitus, Finland) platform with eyes open and closed, and 3) measuring sway of COP during static standing on Good Balance platform while leaning body in three specific directions. Results 1) the Taiji group shows a longer time of SLO and SLC than the control group (P = 0.000, P = 0.010). 2). The sway velocity of COP in mediolateral and anterioposterior direction is slower (P = 0.030, P = 0.06) and the sway distance in both directions are shorter (P = 0.030, P = 0.06) in Taiji than in the control group. 3) Compared with control group, the Taiji group indicates shorter total and anterioposterior and mediolateral route (P = 0.008, P = 0.004, P = 0.027) and shorter time spent ((P = 0.048) during dynamic balance test. Conclusion Long-term Taiji exercise improves balance ability, especially dynamic balance, in older women. Related Articles | Metrics

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Efficiency of Rhythm in Football Tactics LI Jian , Yang Hao-Miao 2014, 40 (4):  48-50.  Abstract ( 787 )   PDF (861KB) ( 1658 )   Save Based on the video observation and statistics of the game between Spain and Italy at the 2012 Euro Cup, the paper analyzes the overall rhythm of the two teams in their offence and defense in order to explore the effects of rhythm control ability on tactics efficiency of the team. Related Articles | Metrics

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Factor Analysis of Match Rhythm at European Champions Cup LIU Jin-Bin,et al 2014, 40 (4):  51-54.  Abstract ( 681 )   PDF (875KB) ( 1548 )   Save The methods of literature and statistics analysis, etc, are adopted in the paper to analyze the elements sums up the application tips of rhythm in football matches.(such as stamina, techniques, tactics and referees ) that influence match rhythm. The paper sums up the application tips of rhythms in football matches. Related Articles | Metrics

SPORTS SCIENCE OF HUMAN BODY

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Effect of Resistance and Endurance Training on the Activation of Muscle Satellite Cells in the Gastrocnemius of Mice CHEN Cai zhen,, LU Jian, 2014, 40 (4):  55-59.  Abstract ( 786 )   PDF (1087KB) ( 1623 )   Save Objective To observe the effect of endurance training or resistance training on the expression of IGF-1、MGF、MyoD and myogenin mRNA in gastrocnemius muscle. and to explore its role in the activation of muscle satellite cells. Methods 21 SAMP8 senile male mice were randomly distributed into three groups sedentary (CON, n=7) , endurance training group (n=7), resistance training groups (n=7). After 8wk training, gastrocnemius muscles were excised and muscle-wet weight and body mass (BM) are weighed and analyzed by real-time PCR. Results The ratio of muscle wet weight and BM (RM) of resistance training group showed significant differences when compared with that of the endurance group or control group ,8wk endurance training or resistance training resulted in an increase in mRNA levels of IGF-1、MGF、MyoD and myogenin, whereas two training groups have no significant difference except IGF-1mRNA which were significantly higher in resistance training group than those in endurance group. Conclusion Resistance training is better than endurance training in maintaining muscle quality effect. Two different exercise ways might be through the MGF which represent potential mediators implicated in the regulation of hypertrophy during exercise to activate the muscle satellite cells. Related Articles | Metrics

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Biomechanical Analysis of the Friction Characteristics of Sports Shoes Wang Min-jia, 2014, 40 (4):  60-65.  Abstract ( 814 )   PDF (912KB) ( 1669 )   Save Objective This research focuses on the friction characteristics of different shoes on different surfaces while walking and running by analyzing the friction coefficient and relative parameters. The target is to compare the friction characteristics between different shoes and different surfaces. Methods 30 students wearing five different sport shoes are tested while walking or running on different surfaces of steel, plastic, wood and artificial grass. Kistler Force Platform is used to test their kinetic parameters. Results (1) while walking and running, the variation of friction coefficient is an "S" curve where two peaks appear at taking off and touching down period. The second peak is the maximum value of friction coefficient during the single-leg support phase |CoFy|m(the absolute value of maximum friction coefficient along the movement direction); The walking |CoFy|m appears at about late 10% of the whole period, while the running |CoFy|m , late 6%; (2)There is negative correlation between maximum friction coefficient and its time ratio during the touching face, and this correlation is quite different between walking and running. During the taking off phase, there is positive correlation between these two indexes; (3) The friction characteristics of wearing different shoes on different surfaces are quite different. Therefore, it is important to consider the actual movement when analyzing the friction characteristics of sport shoes. Related Articles | Metrics

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Dose-response Relationships between Exercise Dose and HRQOL in Old Poeple adults-an Epidemiological View Li Wen-Chuan, 2014, 40 (4):  66-72.  Abstract ( 612 )   PDF (1529KB) ( 1550 )   Save Objective the paper discusses the association between exercise dose and HRQOL. Method From the epidemiological view, the paper randomly investigates 1006 old people ranging from 60 to 79. Results ①HRQOL of the old people with regular exercise, men 82.55±11.33, women 81.81±11.77; PCS, men 81.61±12.26, women 81.08±12.87; MCS, men 83.51±12.12, women 82.87±13.59. All these indexes are significant higher than those with no regular exercise(P<0.01). ② The higher exercise dose brings higher HRQOL, but their relation indicates no linearity. The middle level (150-300min/w) shows the strongest associations with HRQOL(E2=0.182). ③In the range of 150-240min/week, exercise dose and HRQOL present some dose-response. 60min/d, while 3d/week had the significant effect on HRQOL but not the intensity. Suggestions the exercise dose of 150-240min/week, 3d/week, 60-90min/d with moderate intensity is suggested for old people from the perspective of HRQOL . Related Articles | Metrics

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Teenagers Behavior Patterns of Daily Physical Activities in Chengdu and Their Physical Condition CHENG Yi, et al 2014, 40 (4):  73-77.  Abstract ( 663 )   PDF (920KB) ( 1455 )   Save Purpose By investigating daily physical exercises of teenagers in downtown Chengdu and their behavior modes and by testing their physical fitness, this project aims to analyze the findings in order to provide data basis of formulating national adolescent physical activity recommendations. Methods 500 healthy teenagers from10 to17 are randomly choose and divided into 3 groups based on the information of ultrasonic bone-age piece and adolescent development scale the early stage group, the middle stage group and the late stage group. 50 (male and female)are randomly selected from each group(300 in total) to be the subject of a questionnaire investigation and physical fitness test. Results Teenagers who take more than 1 hour of physical exercise account for 43.43% in their early puberty, 45.65% in their medium puberty, and 19.36 percent in their late puberty, which shows that the time spent on physical exercises is decreasing with the age increasing; on the other hand, the test score of their power of gripping, jumping and bending improve with the increase of age. Conclusions The time of teenagers spent on daily physical exercises has reached the international standards in their early and medium puberty, but only 48.39 percent of teenagers in their late puberty meet the international standard. 20m shuttle run results can effectively evaluate the teenagers' aerobic capacity. Related Articles | Metrics

PHYSICAL EDUCATION

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Characteristics and Enlightenment of Leisure Sports Curriculumfor Undergraduates in American Universities——a case study of Indiana University PENG Guo-qiang, TANG Yan 2014, 40 (4):  78-84.  Abstract ( 642 )   PDF (987KB) ( 1766 )   Save The research on the curriculum system of leisure sports for undergraduate in Indiana University demonstrates that the training objectives of Indiana University are based of social demand for leisure sports professionals, the purpose of which is to produce "generalists" for society. Its talent training scheme is characterized by strong freedom, sociality and diversity. The curriculum is heightened by its combination of basic courses and professional courses, exhibiting tremendous autonomy and clear purposes. The professional curriculum is remarkable for its extensiveness and pertinence with lot of emphasis put on the options and practicalness. The case study can serve as a good example for China to follow suit and work out a series of corresponding curriculum so as to boost China's leisure sports curriculum. Related Articles | Metrics

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Status Quo of Rural Sports Teachers Professional Development Mode, Problems and Transformation Strategies GUO Min-Gang,,WANG Jian 2014, 40 (4):  85-90.  Abstract ( 806 )   PDF (908KB) ( 1952 )   Save Depending on the methods of literature material, expert consultation and questionnaire, this paper explores the current situation and problems of rural sports teachers' professional development, believing that rural sports teachers' professional development is based on professional development idea as guidance and professional development goals as the basis to improve rural sports teachers' professional awareness, professional knowledge, professional ability and the concept of profession development. The present situation of rural sports teachers' professional development mode in China is not optimistic because such teachers are faced with the problems of ambiguous development targets, weak awareness of voluntarily improving their professional level, absence of reflection on their professions as teachers, poor foundation in their professional development and the lack of scientific research ability. Therefore it is suggested that these teachers' professional development should be promoted by transforming their development concept, training modes and teaching and researching methods. Related Articles | Metrics

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Retrospect and Prospect of Value Orientation of Sports Classroom Teaching LIU Fei 2014, 40 (4):  91-95.  Abstract ( 694 )   PDF (884KB) ( 1476 )   Save Based on the value orientation of sports classroom teaching as the research subject, the paper reviews its history with the purpose of clarifying the future development path of sports teaching from the constant comprehension of the connotation of sports teaching. Dynamic changes can be witnessed in the value orientation of sports classroom teaching. In teaching contents, the single skill teaching has been changed to the fusion of knowledge and skill teaching and then to students humanity ascension. In the aspect of teaching design, the single impartment has been changed to disciplinary preset and then to natural and harmonious ecology. In the teaching strategy, the emphasis on body has been transferred to body and mind and then to the complete care for life. In evaluation, the emphasis on results has been transferred to the emphasis on process and then on description and explanation. Related Articles | Metrics