Table of Content

20 August 2014, Volume 40 Issue 8 Previous Issue    Next Issue

MONOGRAPHIC RESEARCH:SCIENCE OF SPORT LAW

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Hidden Rules in Sports Competitions and the Governance HAN Xin-Jun, et al 2014, 40 (8):  1-8.  Abstract ( 1606 )   PDF (1032KB) ( 1646 )   Save Hidden rules are the challenges to the credibility of sports competitions and they affect the stability of sports order. This study puts forward the concept of hidden rules in sports competitions, and lists the four typical sports competition rules - the home (host) tendency, power-money trade, fake match, corporal punishment. It further analyzes from the following aspects: the tolerance of hidden rules, the extensiveness of the subject, the diversity of type, the complexity and difficulty of governance. It is suggested in the paper that hidden rules can be governed by strengthening the censorship of the competition rules, revising the defect rules, improving the transparency of sports organizations, introducing media involvement in the governess, speeding up the democratic process of sports organizations and introducing law procedures into the governess process. Related Articles | Metrics

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Butterfly Genealogy of Sports Right FENG Fa-Jin 2014, 40 (8):  9-14.  Abstract ( 1622 )   PDF (1155KB) ( 1580 )   Save To clarify the various relations of sports rights and strengthen the concept of sports rights, the paper, on the basis of comprehensive analysis of the main theories of sports rights, systematically constructs butterfly spectrum of sports rights so as to provide theoretical references for dissecting the history of sports rights, analyzing its reality and development, and perfecting sports law. Related Articles | Metrics

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Sociocultural Origin and Practice Path of the Rule of Sports by Law GONG Jiang-yong, et al 2014, 40 (8):  15-18.  Abstract ( 1601 )   PDF (959KB) ( 1603 )   Save The existence of China’s rule of sports by law is identical with the ruling of sports by law, the negation of overall legalization of autonomy and the indiscriminate copy of international experiences. From the perspective of philosophy of law, sports rule of law is infiltrated in the macro political environment of socialist countries, free and personalized sports environment and rational sports culture environment, so it should agree with the national governess by law and choose the compound development path with rationalism as primary stream and natural evolution as supplementary means. Related Articles | Metrics

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CBA Referees’ Discretion Anomie and Its Regulation YAN Hai-bo, et al 2014, 40 (8):  19-23.  Abstract ( 1599 )   PDF (1015KB) ( 1720 )   Save Depending on the discretion theory in jurisprudence as the theoretical basis, the paper elaborates the connotation and principle of basketball referees’ exercise of discretion, and it further analyzes CBA referees’ discretion anomie phenomenon and its causes, suggesting some measures as follows: urgent need for pushing the referee professionalization process, promoting referees’ professionalism, referee ability and psychological quality, building the multi-dimensional supervision system to control their discretion, perfecting legislation to introduce judicial intervention so as to regulate their discretion proposal. Related Articles | Metrics

SPORTS SOCIAL SCIENCE

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Conflict and Route of Chinese Sports System Reform in the New Era ZHENG Yu 2014, 40 (8):  24-28.  Abstract ( 1757 )   PDF (976KB) ( 1842 )   Save The methods of literature and logical analysis are adopted in this study to review the evolvement process of Chinese sports system, which is historically divided into the three of phases of system establishment, initial reform and deepened reforms. This paper also summarizes the characteristics of the different periods and explores the conflicts in the current system reform. The study holds that we should propel the transformation of governmental functions by delimitating government’s rights and obligations, activate marketing features by cancelling sport game examination and approval authority, diversify sport talents training modes by opening our mind, avoid sport departments’ micromanagement by monetized purchasing of sport products. Related Articles | Metrics

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Essence of China’s Modern Sports Transition ZHANG Xin 2014, 40 (8):  29-33.  Abstract ( 1603 )   PDF (976KB) ( 1529 )   Save By means of literature analysis, the paper re-cognizes the essence of the transformation of modern sports and the different characteristics of sports forms in ancient China in order to explore the social and historic force that promotes the establishment of modern sports system. Main conclusion: modern Chinese sports experiences a gradual transition from ancient folk activities to social and public undertakings, focusing on the concept of public physical body in a national crisis, and coupled with increasingly enhanced awareness of "public rights". This activates social and public sports competitions and the construction of sports venues, which is a sports mode compatible with civil society and represents the nature of the social development. Related Articles | Metrics

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Construction and Empirical Study on the Evaluation Index system of Provincial Sports Industry Layout LIU Xiang 2014, 40 (8):  34-39.  Abstract ( 1523 )   PDF (1023KB) ( 1533 )   Save Industrial layout is mainly reflected in the industry agglomeration benefits. In order to obtain such aggregation efficiency, promote economic growth and improve social welfare, the government should formulate policies of planning and industrial distribution. The policy of sports industry layout plays an irreplaceable role in guiding the development of sports industry and strengthening the macroeconomic regulation and control of the sports industry successfully. Through the method of Delphy Fa, analytic hierarchy process, entropy method, and according to the industrial layout principle, the paper constructs a layout evaluation index system of provincial sports industry which includes 4 the first-level indexes, 11 the secondary indexes and 29 third-level indexes. Sports industry in Sichuan Province is evaluated as the research object in the paper. In the meanwhile, the paper provides the basis for quantitative analysis of the reasonable sports industry layout for the purpose of making it a more scientific one. Related Articles | Metrics

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Construction of Implementation Evaluation System of National Fitness Program Based on Public Satisfaction LIU Hong-Jian，ZHANG Hang 2014, 40 (8):  40-45.  Abstract ( 1569 )   PDF (1097KB) ( 1591 )   Save It is the effective measure to eliminate the implementation problems in the national fitness program(NFP) to construct a scientific and reasonable evaluation system. Based on the structure model of public satisfaction in NFP implementation, the paper, by using the Delphi method, AHP method, tries to construct the public satisfaction evaluation index and weight system in NFP implementation, which includes five first-level indicators, 7 secondary indexes and 22 tertiary indicators. Depending on the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method in Feicheng, Shandong Province, a random sample of 200 urban and rural residents is tested for their actual satisfaction level with the NFP implementation, which indicates the level of basic satisfaction. Related Articles | Metrics

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Present Situation and Influence Factors of Basketball Training Market in Sichuan Province TIAN Hong, ZHOU Yang 2014, 40 (8):  46-49.  Abstract ( 3510 )   PDF (999KB) ( 21430 )   Save Basketball Training Market is essential to promete mass sports, it has postive meaning to the development and optinize of sports, especially for teevogert and schools.This paper adopts the methods of questionnaire investigation and statistical analysis to research the supply and demand of basketball training, the price mechanism, supply and demand mechanism, the present situation of the market medium and so on in Sichuan Province, finding that Sichuan basketball training market supply is mainly dominated by private training institutions. The main demand comes from teenagers with diversified characteristics. The price factors are determined by both training level and venue costs. In Chengdu, the balance of supply and demand decides the prices, while it is not so obvious in other cities. The market media seem to be limited with only traditional patterns. Related Articles | Metrics

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Functional Interpretation of Cultural Life Dimension at the Opening Ceremony of Modern Olympic Games Li Jin-Zao,Sun Yu-Liang 2014, 40 (8):  50-54.  Abstract ( 1714 )   PDF (974KB) ( 1598 )   Save As the footstone of cultural system, life dimension forms the basic standpoint for steering and evaluating cultural creativities including the opening ceremonies of Olympic Games. It is because of the fundamental guarantee for successful global communication that cultural ideas, narrative style and cultural materials are selected elaborately according the logic rule from cultural life dimension during the masterminding of the opening ceremonies of Olympic Games, which calls for responding people’s collective appeals in artistic ways standing among the contemporary world. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Research on the Culture Phenomenon of marticl arts in the local Arshun demonstrate——Origin Relations between Martial Arts and Drama BAO Ju-Bin, WANG Ming-jian 2014, 40 (8):  55-58.  Abstract ( 1811 )   PDF (1011KB) ( 1666 )   Save There is an essential gap between martial arts and drama. Martial arts is a kind art of attacking and defensing, while drama is an art to tell stories with songs and dances. But the local operas of Anshun demonstrate numerous scenes with cultural phenomena of martial arts in opera performances and funeral ceremonies, the reason of which is that dramas need martial arts’ involvement to enrich their contents and forms on the one hand. On the other hand, the military outpost people, as a foreign military immigration form, have their own ethnic mentality and expressions. But more importantly, the funeral ceremony itself is the space in which dramas and survive and develop. Dramas are born in the funeral ceremonies and fused with martial arts in local dramas with their unique reasons and characteristics. Related Articles | Metrics

SPORTS TRAINING AND COMPETITION

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Evolution and Reflection of the Mechanism of CBA Foreign Players’ Introduction ZHANG Ning 2014, 40 (8):  59-62.  Abstract ( 1510 )   PDF (985KB) ( 1671 )   Save The nearly 20 years of CBA’s foreign players’ introduction is the epitome of the development of CBA league. By mean of literature review, mathematical statistics and logical reasoning, the paper generalizes the mechanism of the undertaking and analyzes the sticking point of CBA’s development, including: benefit imbalance—the contradiction between the associations’ performance demand and the capital appeal of clubs; environmental imbalance—foreign players’ dominance in the league has seriously damaged the competition environment; policy deficiency—the change of foreign players’ system is too late instead of being well prepared; spreading inefficiency— the spreading of the localization of foreign advanced technique and tactics is blocked. Therefore, CBA should standardize and systematize its mechanism of foreign players’ introduction. It should further complete its regulations, cultivate healthy league environment and correctly understand advanced European and American basketball concepts so as to promote the sustainable development of the CBA. Related Articles | Metrics

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Comparative Study of High-Position Offensive Tactics between Chinese and Foreign Men's Basketball LIU Jian-qing, et al 2014, 40 (8):  63-67.  Abstract ( 1680 )   PDF (1024KB) ( 1676 )   Save Depending on the methods of literature review, questionnaire survey, video observation and statistics analysis, the paper, taking the 2010 World Championship as a study case and high-positional attacks as a pointcut, analyzes the status of screen, relaying a pass, post, cutting and personal tactical situation in detail from temporal and spatial dimensions. The tactics of high positional attacks between Chinese and foreign basketball teams are also compared by using panel data and cross-section data. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on competitive balance of Chinese professional basketball league LI Guo-xing, SONG Jun-yi 2014, 40 (8):  68-72.  Abstract ( 1628 )   PDF (974KB) ( 1816 )   Save This paper aims to analyze the competition balance of CBA regular games from season 2005/2006 to season 2013/2014 with the methods of standard deviation , HHI index , TOPK ranking, etc. The results show that although the CBA is becoming more and more professional, the competence between clubs indicates no significant improvement. The CBA’s balance mechanism is not complete and the draft system is only for importing foreign players with overstrict restriction on players’ transfer and poor supervision on salary restrictions. The paper herein suggests corresponding countermeasures to the above-mentioned problems. Related Articles | Metrics

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Artistic Arrangements of Difficulty-Artistic Competitive Sports Events CHEN Lei 2014, 40 (8):  73-76.  Abstract ( 1396 )   PDF (962KB) ( 1625 )   Save Sports events expressing difficulty and beauty are considered to be the most representative events of modern competitive sports. The practices in the past used to focus more on the creation of harder movements rather than on the artistic expression. With the development of the time, the international evaluation method on such events tends to be more artistic. Therefore, under this background, it is necessary to attach great importance to the following aspects: the theme of the routine composition, music conception, movement design, the spatial control and composition of athletes’ activities as well as costume design and coordination of colors. Related Articles | Metrics

SPORTS SCIENCE OF HUMAN BODY

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The effect of L-carnitine and exercise on obese mice FAT/CD36 and CPT-1 enzyme in skeletal muscle ZHANG Zhe, et al 2014, 40 (8):  77-82.  Abstract ( 2118 )   PDF (1054KB) ( 1583 )   Save Objective: To study the effects of L-carnitine combined with exercise on FAT/CD36 and CPT-1 of obese mice. Methods: Male C57BL / 6 mice were randomly assigned to group C (fed with normal diet) and group H (fed with high-fat diet). After group H was modeled successfully, they were randomly divided into group H (obesity quiet), group HL (obesity with L-carnitine), group HE (obesity with exercise), group HLE (obesity with L-carnitine combined exercise). Swimming training was adopted to them, 1 hour / day, 5 days / week, lasting for five weeks. Group HL, HLE were gavaged with L-carnitine an hour before training. During the experiment, changes of body weight of mice were monitored. After the experiment, the gastrocnemius muscles were prepared to determine the content of FFA, CPT-1 and FAT/CD36. Results: ① After 5 weeks of training, the body weight of group HE and HLE became lower than group H, and the weight of group HLE was also lower than group HL; ② the FFA of group HL, HE and HLE was significantly lower than in group H, and in group HE and HLE it was also significantly lower than group HL; ③ the contents of CPT-1 of group HL, HE and HLE were significantly lower than in group H; ④ the expression of FAT/CD36 of group HE was higher than in group H, HLE group was lower than group H; ⑤ the content of CPT-1 and FAT/CD36 showed a moderate positive correlation with body weight. These differences were statistically significant, P <0.05 or P <0.01. Conclusion: ① there is no apparent role of pure L-carnitine supplementation in controlling weight. However, there is significant effect of exercise and exercise combined with L-carnitine on controlling weight. ② the effect of exercise and exercise combined with L-carnitine in promoting metabolism and oxidation of fatty acid is more obvious than pure L-carnitine supplementation. ③ L-carnitine, exercise, and exercise combined with L-carnitine can reduce CPT-1 levels. ④ exercise combined with L-carnitine can interactively reduce the expression of FAT/CD36. The contents of CPT-1, FAT/CD36 are moderately correlated with body weight. Related Articles | Metrics

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Optimum Combination of the Ankle Joint Training Pattern and Its Dynamics and Kinematics Analysis LIU Jian-Rong 2014, 40 (8):  83-88.  Abstract ( 1474 )   PDF (980KB) ( 1698 )   Save The speed and strength training of the ankle in jumping events in track and field has always been a difficult problem to solve. Based on the contrast between the athletes in the experimental group and the control group in their ankle training, the paper conducts a scientific and quantitative analysis to explore the four approaches of optimum combination of ankle training: the combination of maximum load and limiting speed, light load special practice method, the prolonged contraction training method and the extreme force method can bring about more desirable performance than the traditional methods of ankle training, which has effectively solved the ankle training problem. Related Articles | Metrics

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Comparative Study of Screening Children’s Overweight and Obesity with International Standard XIAO Mou-Yuan 2014, 40 (8):  89-94.  Abstract ( 1640 )   PDF (996KB) ( 1764 )   Save Objective: The World Health Organization and other international health organizations recommend the use of BMI to screen for overweight and obese children and adolescents; but the research results might be affected if using different Age-Gender-body mass indexes in different countries as the screening criteria. Methods: In this study, WGOC standards, WHO / NCHS standards and IOTF criteria are adopted to analyze the screening differences of Chengdu urban students’ overweight and obesity aged 7-17, and their overweight, obesity prevalence, sensitivity differences in specificity and consistent rate are also compared using the three standards. Results: WHO / NCHS standards are efficient in screening overweight boys and excluding normal boys, while WHO / NCHS standards are inferior to IOTF criteria in screening overweight girls. Both standards can be different in screening children of different ages in terms of sensitivity and specificity. Both can be effective in excluding overweight children, but both indicate a lower efficiency in identifying obese children, esp, obese girls. Conclusion: on the whole, both are better than IOTF in screening overweight and obese children. WHO/NCHS might be more appropriate to be used in China for screening overweight and obese children. Related Articles | Metrics