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15 September 2023, Volume 49 Issue 5 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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Reflections on Physical Education Test in Graduation and Entrance Examination——Prospect for the Future of Physical Education Test in National College Entrance Examination Based on 40 Years of Successful Experience in Physical Education Test in Senior Secondary School Entrance Examination MAO Zhenming, LI Zhongcheng, XIANG Jingwen 2023, 49 (5):  1-11.  doi: 10.15942/j.jcsu.2023.05.001 Abstract ( 466 )   PDF (8779KB) ( 1005 )   Save Since the establishment of the pilot areas for physical education test in senior secondary school entrance examination in nine provinces and municipal cities in 1992, physical education test in senior secondary school entrance examination has entered its 31st year. It is of great significance for the future reform and development of, and for contemplating the prospect of physical education test in national college entrance examination to reflect on the origin, development, controversies, promotion strategies, and successful experience of physical education test in senior secondary school entrance examination. The development of physical education test in senior secondary school entrance examination can be divided into four stages: initial trial, comprehensive and stable development, mature and regular development, and new rapid development. As of today, debates over physical education test in senior secondary school entrance examination continue to arise. Fundamental issues include whether physical education should be included in national college entrance examination and are inevitable when considering the prospect of physical education test in senior secondary school entrance examination. These issues encompass the necessity, scientific basis, fairness, burden, educational value, and development of physical education test. The success of physical education test in senior secondary school entrance examination is attributed to several key factors: reliance on regulations and theoretical foundation, cautious and progressive implementation, low differentiation and high scoring rate, emphasis on overall quality and practical skills, fairness, transparency, and strict examination management. However, physical education test in senior secondary school entrance examination still has some shortcomings to overcome: such as discrepancy between sports skill test and actual skill proficiency, lack of examination function in routine assessments leading to score inflation, low differentiation in scoring leading to a loss of examination intensity, and enormous workload in examination administration which could be addressed by utilizing AI technology. Regarding the possibility of including physical education in national college entrance examination in the future, the paper suggests that even though the success of physical education test in senior secondary school entrance examination has raised the call for including physical education in senior secondary school academic level examination and national college entrance examination, implementing a similar physical education test in national college entrance examination in the near future remains a big challenge. Instead, reforming the existing "senior secondary school academic level physical education examination" might be the optimal path for the development of physical education test in national college entrance examination. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Evolutionary characteristics and promotion strategies of physical education examination policies for junior high school graduation in China Hu Huifang 2023, 49 (5):  12-21.  doi: 10.15942/j.jcsu.2023.05.002 Abstract ( 433 )   PDF (7821KB) ( 995 )   Save Using the content analysis method, the policy documents issued by the State Council, the Ministry of Education and other departments since the reform and opening up are historically sorted out from the policy purpose, policy content and policy implementation, and it is found that the evolution of the policy of physical education examination for junior high school graduation in China presents a policy from enhancing students' physical fitness to promoting students' health promotion; The development of policy content from feasibility to scientific and humanistic; The implementation of the policy has changed from pilot to full implementation. It reveals the problems of insufficient rationality of the policy implementation plan and the symbolic implementation and ineffective monitoring of the "overtly agree but covertly oppose" physical education examination policy in China, and puts forward the correct handling of the relationship between the overall and local aspects and maintains the authority and unity of the central policy. Strengthen policy research and improve the scientific nature of sports entrance examination policies; Increase the investment of policy resources for the middle school entrance examination, strengthen the promotion strategy in supervision and other aspects, and promote the optimization and improvement of the sports high school entrance examination policy. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Implementation and Dilemmas of National Martial Arts Education in the Republican Period CHENG Gongwei, CAI Qiang 2023, 49 (5):  22-29.  doi: 10.15942/j.jcsu.2023.05.003 Abstract ( 381 )   PDF (5818KB) ( 1067 )   Save At the beginning of the 20th century, the term "National Martial Arts" gradually appeared in public opinions. During the period of the Nanjing Republican Government, the national crisis was aggravated. Under the advocacy of educated people and the promotion of the government, a top-down National Martial Arts Movement swept all the provinces quickly. However, in the process of national martial arts promotion, it was difficult for the martial arts education to adapt to the environment of the time, and was repeatedly criticized by people of the time. At the social level, the National Martial Arts Movement relied heavily on official propaganda, making it difficult to be accepted by the general public. At the school level, although some progress was achieved in its national education, Martial Arts encountered many difficulties in its combination with physical education. Analyzing the complex situation of implementing the National Martial Arts Movement and exploring the dilemmas of national Martial Arts education in the Republic of China would be conducive to its process of modernization. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Not losing old things: an analysis of the historical logic of the application and development of modern Chinese military Wushu (1925-1945) Li Liang, Zhao Jizhang, Zhang Zhen 2023, 49 (5):  30-37.  doi: 10.15942/j.jcsu.2023.05.004 Abstract ( 426 )   PDF (7286KB) ( 1071 )   Save Using the method of documentation and the unity of history and logic, from a macro historical perspective, vertically from the Northern Expedition war period, after the northern expedition to the outbreak of the war of resistance and after the outbreak of the war of resistance, and horizontally from the two armed forces under the respective leadership of the Communist Party of China and the Kuomintang, this paper comprehensively combs out the historical context of the development of modern Chinese military Wushu. The study found that the application and development of Wushu by the Chinese Army during the Republic of China was an important turning point in the history of Chinese Wushu. Especially after the outbreak of the war of resistance against Japan, under the background of resisting foreign humiliation and strengthening the country, the technological innovation of Chinese military Wushu broke through the shackles of tradition and became an important node in the modernization of Chinese Wushu. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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On Chinese-style Physical Education Modernization SUN Ke, YANG Fan, ZHU Tianyu, FAN Jing 2023, 49 (5):  38-46.  doi: 10.15942/j.jcsu.2023.05.005 Abstract ( 535 )   PDF (7575KB) ( 1181 )   Save Accelerating the process of Chinese-style physical education modernization and achieving high-quality development of physical education is the proper way to build leading education nation and leading sports nation. The article traces the theoretical achievements of, interprets the connotation of, and analyzes the problems and causes of Chinese-style physical education modernization and proposes strategies to promote Chinese-style physical education modernization. The research shows that the logical relationship between the whole and the part, the inheritance and the innovation, the abstract and intuitive in Chinese physical education has not been successfully handled, and Chinese-style physical education modernization still faces such serious challenges as insufficient implementation of "tempering moral character and cultivating talents", renewal of the concept of physical education teaching, interconnection and content optimization of physical education in different stages, and scientific evaluation of physical education teaching. In the future, we should strengthen the reform of physical education by following the right direction, guidance and ideologies to build a world-level physical education system with Chinese characteristics. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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The Integration of Physical Education and Labor Education in the New Era: Necessity, Challenge and Path LI Shihong 2023, 49 (5):  47-54.  doi: 10.15942/j.jcsu.2023.05.006 Abstract ( 580 )   PDF (6800KB) ( 1098 )   Save By the methods of literature review and logical analysis, this paper analyzes the necessity, challenge and path of integrating physical education and labor education in the new era. The integration of physical education and labor education is an inevitable requirement in implementing the education policy of the party and the state in the new era, inheriting and improving Chinese physical education system and deepening the complementarity of physical education and labor education to promote the overall development of students' physical and mental health. However, the integration of physical education and labor education still faces such challenges as the need for in-depth academic research, the interests of different subjects to be coordinated, the support of policies and regulations, and the urgent need to train teachers with mixed physical education and labor education abilities. Suggestions: uphold the value concept of overall training to promote the integration of physical education and labor education to form a consensus on the integration of physical education and labor education; promote the integration of physical education and labor education through the cooperation of on-campus and off-campus education; improve the guidance of policies, laws and regulations to provide institutional guarantees for the integration of physical education and labor education; promote the perfection of pre-service education, on-the-job training and teacher recruitment, and strengthen the cultivation of teachers with mixed physical education and labor education abilities. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Fitness Club in China: Industry Chain, Profit Model and Optimization Strategy ZHOU Chaoqun 2023, 49 (5):  55-61.  doi: 10.15942/j.jcsu.2023.05.007 Abstract ( 401 )   PDF (5923KB) ( 1045 )   Save Using the methods of literature review and logical analysis, this present article examines the development of China’s fitness club industry, and analyzes its industrial chain, profit model, the impact of Covid-19 and the development strategy in the post-epidemic era. The study concludes that: the development of China’s fitness club industry has undergone four stages: incubation, development, maturity and innovation, and has gradually formed a unique industrial chain and profit model; new trends of “online fitness services, cloud fitness activities or competitions, and e-commerce” have occurred as a result of Covid-19, and these new trends will continue to influence the industry chain and profit model of fitness clubs in the post-epidemic era. These new trends will continue to affect the industry chain and profit model of fitness clubs in the post-epidemic era. The article is concluded with some important development initiatives which include: gradually promoting the digital transformation of fitness industry and the construction of platforms, building an online fitness service regulatory system, and strengthening the cultivation of digital innovation talents in the fitness field. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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High Quality Development of Sports Market: Collaborative Promotion Mechanism and Realization Path of "Effective Market-Active Government-Organic Society" ZHU Jufang, HU Ruochen, ZHENG Jiajia 2023, 49 (5):  62-69.  doi: 10.15942/j.jcsu.2023.05.008 Abstract ( 399 )   PDF (7605KB) ( 1060 )   Save Starting from the theory of new structural economics, this paper analyzes the constraints, bottlenecks, synergistic mechanisms and realization path of high-quality development of the sports market by using the methods of literature study and interview. The study finds that in order to solve the problems of structural imbalance in the endowment of market factors, the quality and efficiency of supply have to be improved; the self-generating ability of enterprises is weak, and the effective market mechanism has not been established; the role of the government is absent, and the soft and hard infrastructures need to be improved, it is necessary to build a mechanism that covers the sound market allocation of sports factors, improve the self-generating ability of sports enterprises, and give full play to the government's function of dynamically optimizing the soft and hard infrastructures. Strengthening the role of social subjects to assist "market supervision" and "atmosphere creation" of the "effective market-active government-organic society" synergistic promotion mechanism. The authors put forward the realization paths: to improve the sports factors market institutional mechanism and enhance the comparative competitive advantage of enterprises; consolidate the government in the effective market mechanism to play the role of guiding, safeguarding and regulating functions; stimulate the potential of residents to consume sports and give play to the auxiliary complementary functions of social subjects. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Construction of Actor Network for Sports-Medicine Integration in the Context of Healthy China and Leading Sports Nation LIANG Tongfu, WANG Xu 2023, 49 (5):  70-79.  doi: 10.15942/j.jcsu.2023.05.009 Abstract ( 370 )   PDF (7606KB) ( 985 )   Save Taking the perspective of actor network and following the logic of “problem-benefit-recruitment-mobilization”, this paper analyzes through the methods of literature review, expert interview and logical analysis the driving mechanism and path selection of sports-medicine integration, and explores the construction of actor network for sports-medicine integration. The results show that sports-medicine integration follows the three paths of “two-wheel drive”, “subject aggregation” and “local combination”, and faces the obstacles of sectoral integration, policy integration, service integration and technology integration. Therefore, we should adhere to the strategic leadership and make the government play the role as the core actor; unify the standard rules and simplify the realization chain of technology and other actors; build a public service platform to stimulate the enthusiasm of enterprises; and improve the talent cultivation system to establish a long-term mechanism of network of actors. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of Preoperative Prehabilitation on Patients Undergoing Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction FENG Jing, HUANG Dongdong, CHEN Weijie, LIU Gang 2023, 49 (5):  80-85.  doi: 10.15942/j.jcsu.2023.05.010 Abstract ( 326 )   PDF (4354KB) ( 976 )   Save Objective To investigate the effects of preoperative prehabilitation on patients undergoing anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Methods 52 patients with ACL injury were included in the study. The participants were randomly divided into observation group (N=26) and control group (N=26). Patients in the observation group were given preoperative prehabilitation. Patients in the control group were given routine preoperative preparation. The study used Mood scale, visual analog scale (VAS) and digital muscle evaluation system MyotonPRO to access the mood change, pain and muscle status in the patients after admission, before and after ACL surgery. Results Study showed anxiety scores were decreased in both groups after preoperative preparation (P<0.05), and the decrease was more obvious in the observation group; The postoperative pain scale (VAS) was lower in the observation group than in the control group (P<0.05), higher satisfaction with treatment (P<0.05); The changes of muscle tension, stiffness and leg circumference of quadriceps femoris muscle at perioperative period were the same between the two groups, no significant differences were observed (P>0.05). Conclusion Preoperative prehabilitation for patients with anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction will be a good way to relieve postoperative pain, improve emotional state in patients and promote recovery after ACL surgery, increase patient satisfaction and construct a harmonious doctor-patient relationship. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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ClinicalEfficacy of Traditional Chinese Medicine Traumatology Intramuscular Patch on Elderly Knee Osteoarthritis WANG Qiang, HUANG Binyang, XIANG Ning 2023, 49 (5):  86-91.  doi: 10.15942/j.jcsu.2023.05.011 Abstract ( 306 )   PDF (4508KB) ( 1273 )   Save Objective: To observe the clinical efficacy of traditional Chinese medicine Traumatology Intramuscular Patch on elderly knee osteoarthritis. Methods: 99 patients with knee osteoarthritis (KOA) who were admitted to our hospital from February 2021 to March 2022 were selected as the study subjects and randomly divided into kinesio taping (KT) group, KT+plaster group, and trauma KT group. The KT group was treated with intramuscular patches (KT) alone; The KT+plaster group was treated with intramuscular plaster combined with Shangke Pain Relieving Cream; The KT group in the Department of Traumatology was treated with traditional Chinese medicine Traumatology intramuscular plaster. Three groups were subjected to visual analog scale (VAS), proprioception assessment (active angle reproduction (AAR), and threshold to detect passive motion (TDPM) before and after treatment, as well as Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) Muscle bone ultrasound indicators (maximum depth of fluid accumulation, Szkudlarek grading of synovial membrane) and laboratory indicators detection [tumor necrosis factor]-α (TNF-α)、 Matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9), osteoprotegerin (OPG), chemokine 12 in synovial fluid (CXCL12). Results: ① Comparison of VAS score, proprioception evaluation, and WOMAC scale: The KT group in the Department of Traumatology had lower VAS score, proprioception evaluation (AAR, TDPM) than the KT group (P<0.05), and had no statistical significance compared to the KT+plaster group (P>0.05); In the WOMAC scale, the KT group in the Department of Traumatology scored lower than the other two groups in terms of "pain" and "daily activities", and only lower than the KT group in terms of "stiffness", with no difference compared to the KT+plaster group Comparison of muscle bone ultrasound indicators: The KT group in the Department of Traumatology had lower Szkudlarek grading in maximum fluid accumulation depth and synovial membrane compared to the other two groups (P<0.05) Comparison of indicators in the laboratory: KT group in the field of traumatology in TNF-α. The levels of MMP-9 and CXCL12 were lower than those of the other two groups (P<0.05), while in the OPG trauma KT group, they were only higher than those in the KT group, and there was no statistically significant difference compared to the KT+plaster group (P>0.05). Conclusion: The traditional Chinese medicine Traumatology Intramuscular Patch can effectively inhibit the symptoms of pain, swelling, and limited movement in elderly KOA patients, improve synovial hyperplasia and multiple laboratory indicators, and its effect is better than using Intramuscular Effect Patches alone or the combination of muscle patches and Traumatology Pain Relief Cream. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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The Temporal Dynamics of the Effect of a Priori Information on Action Anticipation in Soccer Goalkeepers JI Qingchun, ZHOU Chenglin 2023, 49 (5):  92-98.  doi: 10.15942/j.jcsu.2023.05.012 Abstract ( 301 )   PDF (5390KB) ( 956 )   Save Objective: To examine whether and when a priori information (opponent's action preference) would influence goalkeepers' anticipatory performance and the critical time points. Methods: Twenty soccer goalkeepers (experts) and twenty-four college students (controls) were recruited for the study. They were required to predict the direction of penalty kicks before and after a training intervention from the perspective of goalkeepers. During the training phase, half of the participants in each group were provided a priori information that the kicker had a strong preference to kick to one particular direction, while the other half viewed kickers who kicked equally to all directions. Using the temporal occlusion paradigm, the video materials were occluded at three-time points relative to ball release. Results: The results showed that exposure to incongruent a priori information with the kinematic information of kickers significantly decreased performance only in the controls (P ≤ 0.007). It was further found that a priori information acquired in the training intervention could significantly improve the anticipatory performance for experts in the earliest occlusion condition (P=0.001), but not in the moderate and latest conditions. Conclusion: These findings provide further evidence of the influence of a priori information on action anticipation in goalkeepers and suggest its occurrence in the earliest course of a kicker's unfolding action (100 ms prior to foot-ball-contact), while controls depend more on a priori information regardless of the amount of kinematic information. The results enrich the theoretical research of expert advantage and provide some enlightenment for sports practice. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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The Effect of Video Simulation Training on the Anticipation Skill and Reaction Time of Novice Sanda Athletes SUN Wenfang, WANG Bin, MAI Jia 2023, 49 (5):  99-105.  doi: 10.15942/j.jcsu.2023.05.013 Abstract ( 365 )   PDF (5689KB) ( 969 )   Save Objective: To explore the effect of video simulation training on the anticipation skill and reaction time of novice sanda athletes and the transfer effect of laboratory training. Methods: Camera was used to record the offensive actions of two athletes, the video was edited with Adobe Premiere CS 6 software, and Matlab software was used to edit video into a test and training program. According to the contextual interference theory, 30 novice sanda athletes were randomly divided into random group, block group and control group, with 10 athletes in each group. The random group and the block group received 2 weeks of anticipation skills training. The control group completed test but did not receive training. Video analysis is used to calculate the accuracy and reactions of athletes in laboratory and field tests. Results: (1) After training, the anticipation accuracy of the random group and the block group was significantly higher than the control group (P<0.05), and there was no statistical difference in response time; (2) After training, there was no statistical difference in anticipation accuracy between the random group and the block group; (3) In the field test, the anticipation accuracy of the random group and the block group was significantly higher than the control group (P<0.05), and there was no statistical difference between the random group and the block group. Conclusion: Video simulation training can improve the anticipation accuracy of novice sanda athletes, and has no significant impact on the reaction time. The laboratory-based simulation training can improve the novice sanda athletes' anticipation skill in the real sports situation, and has no significant effect on the reaction time. The contextual interference effect has no significant impact on the training effect, and the random training group does not show a performance advantage in the delayed test. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on the Application of Multidirectional Functional Training Method in Competitive Basketball Training Based on System Science Theory SHI Guanghui, SUN Qian, WANG Xinlei, WANG YunCong 2023, 49 (5):  106-113.  doi: 10.15942/j.jcsu.2023.05.014 Abstract ( 366 )   PDF (8031KB) ( 991 )   Save With the help of system science theory, this study explains that competitive basketball training is an all-round training of players' organisms according to the requirements of sports characteristics, such as multidirectional synergistic muscle groups, deep and superficial large-small muscle groups, and neuromuscular motor units, etc. Neglecting any of the system links may impact the training effect. Therefore, the holistic and systematic training of players' multidirectional movement speed and strength should be paid attention. At the same time, the concept of "Multidirectional Functional Training Method" and its application mechanism in competitive basketball training are proposed, and intervention is applied to the training of defensive movement footsteps and disguised dribbling ability of the CUBAL first-class league players to verify the improvement of players' athletic ability. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of Physical Activity on Frailty of Older People in China——An Empirical Analysis Based on CHARLS WANG Shiqiang, GUO Kailin, LV Wangang 2023, 49 (5):  114-122.  doi: 10.15942/j.jcsu.2023.05.015 Abstract ( 388 )   PDF (6585KB) ( 977 )   Save Objective: To analyze the effects of physical activity on the frailty of older people in China, and provide scientific basis for preventing and intervening the frailty of physical activity. Methods: Frailty Index (FI) was used to evaluate the frailty of older people in China based on the data of China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) in 2018, the logistic regression model was used to analyze the effects of physical activity on frailty, and the propensity score matching was used to eliminate self-selection bias. Results: (1) The prevalence of frailty among older people in China was 23.59%. and the risk of frailty decreases with increasing physical activity energy consumption. When the other factors were controlled, the risk of frailty decreased by 4% for each 1 met-h/d increase in physical activity. (2) Compared with moderate to intensive physical activity, the risk of frailty in older people with low physical activity was 3.17 times higher than that with moderate to intensive physical activity. (3) The net effect of low physical activity on frailty in older people was 20% when the three propensity score matching was used to correct the selection bias of the samples. (4) Heterogeneity analysis showed that low physical activity was more likely to increase the frailty risk of female older people, older people with low education level, older people without spouse, and urban older people. Conclusion: The prevalence of frailty is high among older people in China. The risk of frailty is higher in older people with low physical activity, and moderate to vigor physical activity is more likely to reduce the risk of frailty in older people. Meanwhile, the relationship between physical activity and risk of frailty has also showed group heterogeneity. Society should pay attention to the problem of frailty in older people, carry out frailty screening, and actively guide older people to do physical activity. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Students' Self-Evaluation for Physical Education Teaching in Primary and Secondary Schools Based on "Quaternity" Goals HE Lijuan, RU Xiuying 2023, 49 (5):  123-130.  doi: 10.15942/j.jcsu.2023.05.016 Abstract ( 354 )   PDF (6270KB) ( 1075 )   Save To achieve the new "Quaternity" goals of physical education, this paper first analyzes the necessity of implementing students' self-evaluation for physical education teaching in primary and secondary schools, and on that basis explores the foundation and principles of students' self-evaluation content, and constructs the five levels of students' self-evaluation content. This study further elaborates that students' self-evaluation based on "Quaternity" goals is not only an irreplaceable new path to realize the fundamental task of "cultivating students based on morality" in the new era, but also an innovative path to localize the sustainable development of Olympic education in primary and secondary schools in the post-Winter Olympic era. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Towards Diversity and Inclusion: Analysis and Enlightenment of Ireland's Sports Action Plan 2021-2023 LI Xiaopeng, XU Chengli, LI Zhongwei, WANG Rufeng 2023, 49 (5):  131-138.  doi: 10.15942/j.jcsu.2023.05.017 Abstract ( 352 )   PDF (6522KB) ( 1348 )   Save Ireland has introduced the Sports Action Plan 2021-2023 (referred to as the “Plan”), which is inclusive and diversified, aiming to revive the sports industry affected by the COVID-19 as soon as possible. This paper uses literature, comparative analysis, logical reasoning and other research methods to systematically study the release origin, content structure and practical characteristics of the Plan. It is concluded that the Plan has constructed a three-level content system with the guiding principle of diversity and inclusiveness of the population, recovery of sports undertakings affected by the epidemic as the implementation logic, and extensive construction of digital information platform as the operation means. It shows the specific practical characteristics of paying attention to the sports work of special groups, coordinating the domestic sports competition resources, and emphasizing the development of digital sports industry. Under the background of normal epidemic prevention and control, China’s sports undertakings can learn from the successful experience of Ireland. Starting from the overall national strategy, we should deepen the blueprint of building a healthy China and focus on addressing the needs of vulnerable groups for sports health promotion. At the same time, we should play the guiding role of sports competition and proactively respond to the impact of COVID-19 on sports. And we should further develop the digital sports industry economy, promote the sports industry and sports management ability modernization. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Mapping Western Sports: Visual Construction and Rhetoric of Western Sports in Late Qing Dynasty——Based on the Analysis of the Western Sports Image Reports in Dianshizhai Pictorial YU Pengfei 2023, 49 (5):  139-146.  doi: 10.15942/j.jcsu.2023.05.018 Abstract ( 353 )   PDF (6978KB) ( 1055 )   Save Visual newspapers in the late Qing Dynasty is an important perspective to understand the great changes of modern Chinese sports and the legalization of "western sports" in the East. Based on the theories of rhetoric, communication and physical education, this paper tries to study the visual discourse and visual rhetoric in the images in "Dianshizhai Pictorial" (1984-1898) by means of literature study, content analysis and text analysis, and construct the legalization process of western sports in China and its identification. The study found that Dianshizhai Pictorial opened up the way of introducing western sports through naming and news reports. The pictorial firstly constructs the visual picture of western sports through story image narration, marked sports symbols and multiple temporal and spatial expression of image narration. In addition, the pictorial uses three rhetorical images: the appropriation of onlooker image, the requisition of body image and the creation of sports spectacle image to show Western sports as a visual representation of fashionable life and entertainment. In the enlightenment practice of modern national sports concept, visual narration and rhetoric of pictorial plays an important role in the late Qing Dynasty and constructs a unique path of sports visual modernity. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on the Application of the Presumption Rules in the World Anti-Doping Code XU Lumei 2023, 49 (5):  147-155.  doi: 10.15942/j.jcsu.2023.05.019 Abstract ( 263 )   PDF (7025KB) ( 947 )   Save Presumption, as an irreplaceable method of proof in the rules of evidence, has a crucial impact on the outcome of cases. With the increasing improvement of the anti-doping rule system, the problems related to the presumption rule in the World Anti-doping Code can not be ignored. Using the methods of literature analysis, case study and history research, this paper discusses the basic theory of presumption, and further discuss the problems existing in text content as well as in specific application of the presumption rules in the World Anti-doping Code. It is found that the presumption rules tend to provide more convenient for anti-doping organizations, and fail to fully protect the rights and interests of athletes, resulting in excessive imbalance of interests between the two. Through the study of the text of rules and specific cases, it is found that there are some problems, such as in the establishment conditions of presumption rules, in the actual effect of rules, in the scope and the subject of application, in rebutting presumption rules and so on. These problems lay a foundation for the perfection of presumption rules. This paper finally puts forward specific suggestions to tackle these problems: clarifying the scope of presumption rules application, equalizing the subject of presumption rules application, reducing the obstacles to refute presumption rules, strengthening the supervision and regulation of laboratory misconduct in testing procedure. References | Related Articles | Metrics