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15 January 2025, Volume 51 Issue 1 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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Research on the Governance Efficiency of Community Sports under the Background of Public Service Upgrade: A Case Study of Wenzhou Smart Public Gyms WANG Hongjiang, CHEN Zhigang, ZHUANG Zichen, ZHANG Fei, ZHOU Chenjian, JIANG Cen 2025, 51 (1):  17-24,60.  doi: 10.15942/j.jcsu.2025.01.02 Abstract ( 89 )   PDF (994KB) ( 52 )   Save Smart public gyms are an essential part of the digital reform of smart community governance under the background of public service upgrade, and they also represent an urgent need to empower grassroots public sports service governance structures and models with technology. This study comprehensively uses the methods of case analysis, interviews, and questionnaire surveys to investigate the practice of sports governance in Wenzhou smart communities. It is found that smart public gyms have accelerated the transformation of government service functions, enhanced the enthusiasm of enterprises in participating in sports governance, met the growing diverse sports needs of residents, and demonstrated good governance efficiency. Based on these findings, this study proposes a definition of smart community sports and, in response to issues in typical cases, suggests strategies to improve governance efficiency: fully leverage regional governance advantages to avoid technological failures; efficiently link multiple governance entities to turn fragmentation into collaboration; strengthen residents’ awareness of participation in governance to stimulate endogenous forces; and adhere to institutional innovation to improve supervision and evaluation. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Regulatory Paths for Applying Artificial Intelligence Technology to Large-scale Sports Events————Take Artificial Intelligence Video Surveillance as An Example LI Haotian, LI Yinhui 2025, 51 (1):  25-33.  doi: 10.15942/j.jcsu.2024.01.03 Abstract ( 81 )   PDF (594KB) ( 49 )   Save The application of AI technology for security monitoring in large-scale sports events such as the Olympic Games, the World Cup and the Asian Games has triggered widespread concerns about data privacy, algorithmic discrimination and other risks. Given the limitations of the existing legislation in the digital domain to regulate such behaviors, it is necessary to reflect on the current path of regulating AI technology application based on risk prevention and based on layered governance. For intelligent video surveillance in sports event venues, the focus of regulation should be shifted from pre-defined risks to systematic monitoring of risks, and the center of regulation should be pushed forward from model-based hierarchical governance to the path of elemental hierarchical regulation. For the whole life cycle of intelligent video surveillance of large-scale sports events, a hierarchical regulation mechanism of “pre-training - fine-tuning and deployment” should be set up: in the data processing phase of pre-training, the dichotomy of labelled data and de-labelled data is maintained to dynamically improve the list of types of data related to the rights and interests of the state, enterprises and individuals, and the dynamic assessment of re-identification probability is carried out based on the degree of data significance and the degree of de-labelling. Based on the degree of data importance and de-identification, the probability of re-identification is dynamically valuated and information is disclosed. During the algorithm design and model development phases of pre-training, obligations related to managing risk, monitoring critical incidents, performing model evaluation and adversarial testing are constructed. In the fine-tuning and deployment phase, differentiate the functions of automatic classification and triage, automatic warning and prediction, and automatic forensics and evidence fixing for the intelligent monitoring system, and construct corresponding algorithmic auditing, algorithmic filing, disclosure, and interpretation mechanisms. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Exploration on the Path to Review and Alleviate the Ethical Risks in Sports Artificial Intelligence QIN Li, LIU Qing, YIN Zhihua 2025, 51 (1):  34-41.  doi: 10.15942/j.jcsu.2025.01.04 Abstract ( 74 )   PDF (669KB) ( 52 )   Save Based on the ethical risks posed by artificial intelligence and the international response, this paper summarizes the complexity and particularity of the ethical issues in sports artificial intelligence from five aspects: (1) the wide range of sports subjects; (2) the priority of application in sports field; (3) the emphasis on sports events and different sports sub-discipline; (4) the challenges of technology promotion and popularization; (5) the specific conditions of different countries and regions. Based on the report The Ethics of Artificial Intelligence: Issues and Initiatives, the paper defines ethical risks related to the major performance and generation mechanism of sports artificial intelligence: (1) security risks caused by fitness/health privacy data leakage; (2) the risk of lacking human subjectivity in sports activities arising from the low transparency of decision-making process; (3) the dilemma of accountability in sports activities resulting from the ambiguity of rights and responsibilities; (4) the labeling of sports participants by algorithmic discrimination; (5) the risk of unfair competition due to misuse or abuse of intelligent technology. It is suggested that the path to alleviate the ethical risks of sports artificial intelligence can be explored from the following four aspects: (1) enhancing strategic planning and top-level design; (2) jointly creating an interdisciplinary platform for the ethical risk management of sports artificial intelligence; (3) constructing a three-tier risk response system of “prevention”, “construction” and “management”; (4) strengthening education and training on the ethical risks of artificial intelligence in the sports industry. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Promoting the High Quality Development of Sports in China on the Track of Rule of Law: A Brief Introduction to the Development of Sports Rule of Law in China (1949—2023) YUAN Gang, HU Zijing 2025, 51 (1):  42-52.  doi: 10.15942/j.jcsu.2025.01.05 Abstract ( 65 )   PDF (647KB) ( 36 )   Save Since the establishment of the People’s Republic of China in 1949, the construction of rule of law on sports has undergone a difficult journey from scratch to significant progress. The process of formulating sports policies is gradually becoming legalized, and the essence of sports policies is also gradually upgraded into legal texts, becoming an important component of the sports legal norm system; The internal reform in the field of sports administration continues to deepen, the transformation of administrative concepts guides the transformation of government functions, and sports law enforcement has moves towards standardization and normalization; The mechanism for resolving sports disputes is gradually taking shape and advancing towards diversification and internationalization; The promotion of rule of law on sports is also being carried out in an orderly manner. The concept of rule of law has interacted with sports practice, and the pursuit of rule of law is gradually extending from formal legality to substance. The socialist rule of law with Chinese characteristics is promoting the high-quality development of sports. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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The Main Issues and Institutional Evaluations of the Revision of the “Competitive Sports”Chapter in Sports Law SONG Yaxin 2025, 51 (1):  53-60.  doi: 10.15942/j.jcsu.2025.01.06 Abstract ( 72 )   PDF (554KB) ( 52 )   Save Competitive sports hold a significant position in the development of sports in China, and the new Sports Law dedicates a chapter to competitive sports. In the comprehensive revision of the “Sports Law”, there are many highlights in the competitive sports section, reflecting the democracy and science of legislation, and the progress in legislation is evident. The whole-nation system of competitive sports under the planned system and professional sports under the market economy, the protection of athletes’ rights, and the cultivation of reserve talents for competitive sports are intertwined and form the basic framework of the “competitive sports” chapter, and they are also the main issues and the objects of institutional evaluation in this paper. During the revision process, multiple versions of legal text suggestions were proposed, and the two revision texts proposed by the national sports administration department and the major project teams of the National Social Science Fund are undoubtedly authoritative and representative. Taking these two revision texts as the basis for a comparative study of the old and the new version of Sports Law, this paper aims to define the main issues related to the revision of “competitive sports”, analyze the transformation of related policies and the construction of legal systems, and evaluate the legislative progress in the new Sports Law through examining the reform of the competitive sports system, the development of professional sports, the protection of athletes’ rights, and the cultivation of reserve talents. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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International Preschool Children's physical literacy: Status Quo, research trends, Chinese mirror TAO Xiaojuan, WANG Xiaozan, GAO Haili, LI Min, WU Shijun, TAO Yuliu, LI Weidong 2025, 51 (1):  61-75.  doi: 10.15942/j.jcsu.2025.01.07 Abstract ( 88 )   PDF (1387KB) ( 59 )   Save Preschool children are at the beginning of their “physical literacy journey”. Due to the unique characteristics of their physical and mental development, many abilities are not mature yet,physical and mental development, many abilities are not mature yet,and the cultivation of their physical literacy is different from teenagers and adults,so it is urgent to attract people's attention. At present, developed countries are paying particular attention to the development of the first stage of their citizens’ “physical literacy journey”, and have carried out many professional effective actions, setting an example for the world. In comparison, there is still a gap in the development of this field in our country. This study starts with origin of “physical literacy” and systematically analy the current situation of the development of physical literacy in preschool children in six countries and four continents: the United, Canada, the United States, Australia, Denmark, and China. Meanwhile, it keeps up with the trend of international academic exchange and mutual learning, and compreh explores the international research hotspots and dynamics in this field. Based on this, it extracts the advanced experience of the development and research of physical literacy in preschool children around the world and provides a Chinese perspective, in order to provide enlighten for the development and research of physical literacy in preschool children in China in the new era:1) Strengthen the government's macro guidance and supervision investment in physical literacy in preschool children. (2) Emphasize the role of parents and implement comprehensive actions based on physical literacy in preschool children as early as possible. (3) Strengthen the scientific selection of elements constituting physical literacy in preschool children and the of their system. (4) Develop a physical literacy framework and course intervention plan based on the characteristics of preschool children’s development as early as possible. (5) Explore the scientific development of assessment tools for physical literacy in preschool children as soon as possible. (6) Actively promote international exchange and cooperation in the research of literacy in preschool children by digital technology. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Times Demands, Operational Logic and Developing Path of Traditional Sports Games for Chinese Young Children TONG Tiantian, WANG Xiaozan, ZHANG Yanping, ZHANG Maomao 2025, 51 (1):  76-83,106.  doi: 10.15942/j.jcsu.2025.01.08 Abstract ( 91 )   PDF (1041KB) ( 62 )   Save Developing traditional sports games for young children is a strategic choice to practice the reform of preschool education and strengthen the construction of leading sports and cultural nation. Traditional sports games for young children are recreational sports activities integrating traditional sports culture and social ecological environment. The study holds that traditional sports games interact with traditional sports culture and social ecological environment, and the operation of traditional sports games follows the physical-mental development logic, cultural development logic and system development logic. The development of traditional sports games can enrich the cultural connotation of young children’s sports, create a positive ecological environment for young children’s sports, and promote the overall harmonious development of young children’s physical and mental development. To promote the development of traditional sports games for young children, we should: root in the distinctive local culture to uphold a development stance that firmly values both the nation and children equally; ignite social dynamism from multiple sources to create a developmental environment that blends tradition with modernity; solidify the construction of local curriculum to forge a “traditional sports game -based +” teaching model; focus on the improvement of teacher quality to establish an approach to professionalized physical education training for early childhood educators; reform teaching evaluation concepts to perfect the framework of evaluation integrating methods, forms, and subjects. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Empowering the Practice and Innovation of Preschool Football Education through “Government, Kindergarten, Community, and Family” Resource Integration: A Case Study Based on the “National Football Characteristic Kindergarten System Platform” ZHANG Xiaogang, TIAN Jianqiang, DING Xianming 2025, 51 (1):  84-94.  doi: 10.15942/j.jcsu.2025.01.09 Abstract ( 80 )   PDF (754KB) ( 67 )   Save This study takes the “National Football Characteristic Kindergarten System Platform” as a typical case and employs the methods of field investigation, participatory observation, and grounded theory to conduct an in-depth analysis of the platform’s innovative approaches to resource integration and operational mechanisms. The research findings reveal that the platform has established a relatively comprehensive resource management system and initially achieved the benefits of resource integration. However, further innovation is still needed at both theoretical and practical levels. The study concludes that: (1) The prerequisite for resource integration to empower innovation in preschool football education is the collaborative symbiosis among stakeholders, including stakeholder connectivity, interaction, and mutual benefits; (2) The key operational approach to achieving resource integration lies in the integrated resource management, including resource identification and interaction, resource flow and allocation, and resource evaluation and optimization; (3) Digital technology empowerment serves as an intermediary condition, playing a significant role in reshaping concepts, reorganizing structures, and platform construction; (4) Enhanced service performance is the target outcome of resource integration innovation, with partnership harmony, service quality satisfaction, social impact, and sustainability as the critical indicators to evaluate the effectiveness of integrating “government, kindergarten, community, and family” resources in empowering preschool football education innovation. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Deep Learning in Physical Education: Implications, Process Models, and Design Frameworks WANG Luying, ZHU Weiqiang, NING Jianli 2025, 51 (1):  95-106.  doi: 10.15942/j.jcsu.2024.10.24 Abstract ( 76 )   PDF (751KB) ( 39 )   Save In order to realize the Chinese dream, the function of “cultivating the whole person” in physical education should not be invalided. Based on how to maximize the function of “educating the whole person” in PE, this study focuses on the outstanding problems existing in teachers’ teaching and students’ learning in the current classroom. By using the method of literature and logical analysis, it proposes the main connotation of deep learning in PE: it relies on the full-dimensional autonomy, deep and lasting cooperation and mutual promotion of individuals; The five basic characteristics of active body involvement, increased pleasure, sustained attention, metacognitive ability, and effective feedback of feedforward leading and feedback coordination; Migrate, collaborate, solve complex problems, and create four high-level capabilities. According to the internal operation logic of PE deep learning, the process model of PE deep learning is constructed, and the design framework and environmental characteristics of PE deep learning are proposed, as well as the transformation path of PE curriculum key competence based on system thinking.This paper provides theoretical responses and practical guidance on how to effectively get rid of the shackles of low learning results, low teacher output and ineffective curriculum functions. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Mechanism, Dilemmas and Countermeasures of Knowledge Sharing of Primary and Middle School Physical Education Teachers Driven by Social Capital LIU Yuxin, TAO Yuliu, WU Xianglei, HE Ping, WANG Yue 2025, 51 (1):  107-114,127.  doi: 10.15942/j.jcsu.2025.01.10 Abstract ( 69 )   PDF (1221KB) ( 51 )   Save Social capital provides important opportunities for the construction and reform of the teaching staff, and promoting the integration of social capital and knowledge sharing are necessary for the professional development of physical education teachers in the new era. Using the methods of literature review and logical analysis, this study explores the logical correlation and mechanism between social capital and knowledge sharing among physical education teachers, and believes that social capital with trust, cognition, network and norms as its core elements plays the empowerment effect, integration effect, value-added effect and inclusive effect in knowledge sharing of primary and middle school physical education teachers. However, this process also faces the following difficulties: failure to improve willingness and ability to share due to lack of trust; hysteretic concepts about sharing and deficient consequent behaviors due to cognitive limitations; constrained depth and breadth of sharing due to loose cooperation; unsatisfying sharing effect and quality due to insufficient standardization. Based on this, some practical approaches are proposed: to create a cultural space of “universal trust” and nurture opportunities for sharing; to consolidate the capital accumulation of “internal and external cooperation” and optimize the cultivation of capabilities; to robust the learning network of “digital empowerment” and fully create a shared platform; to strengthen mutually beneficial norms of “collaborative integration” and ensure a sharing environment. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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The Centennial Symbiosis of Dance Education and Physical Education in the U.S. and Its Enlightenment HU Xi, BI Xin, CHEN Fang, LI Fang 2025, 51 (1):  115-127.  doi: 10.15942/j.jcsu.2025.01.11 Abstract ( 64 )   PDF (897KB) ( 39 )   Save American dance education is deeply rooted in physical education. For more than 100 years since the end of the 19th century, dance education and physical education have been interdependent, struggling and compromising in both higher education and primary and secondary education, reflecting the “symbiotic effect”. Based on the perspective of social symbiosis theory, this paper systematically examines the centennial symbiosis of dance education and physical education in the United States, from the origin of shared physical activities, through the initiation, separation, and reconnection of dance with physical education in higher education to the integration of dance education and physical education in primary and secondary schools. The curriculum setting of dance program, the opening of dance interdisciplinary program, and the “integration of dance education and physical education in primary and secondary schools are worthy of our reference. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Female Sports in Illustration: Visual Construction and Rhetoric Practice of Female Sports in Modern Newspapers and Pictorials YU Pengfei, YANG Chengbo 2025, 51 (1):  128-138.  doi: 10.15942/j.jcsu.2025.01.12 Abstract ( 59 )   PDF (3604KB) ( 33 )   Save Female sports underwent great changes in modern times, and newspapers and periodicals are the witnesses and promoters of these changes. To investigate the evolution and changes in the concept of modern female sports, we can not make them “visible” and “identified” without referring to images. Our analysis on the female images in the pictorials “Good Friends” and “Diligent Sports Monthly” indicates that the newspaper images constructed three kinds of discourses on female sports: health beauty, competition style and fashion sports. At the same time, under the tide of consumerism and nationalism, images replaced female sports symbols and constructed three kinds of critical discourses: the conflict between China and the West, the difference between men and women, and modern women. Besides, the employment of the visual rhetoric of image frame, body marking and cultural image helped lay a good public opinion foundation for the public’s “recognition” of female sports, thus achieving the image construction of female sports modernity. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Synergistically Advancing the Integration of Sports and Medicine: Practical Experiences and Insights from Australia’s Exercise Referral System from the Perspective of SFIC Theory LI Liqiang, WU Jin, WANG Xiaozan 2025, 51 (1):  139-146.  doi: 10.15942/j.jcsu.2025.01.14 Abstract ( 70 )   PDF (1351KB) ( 44 )   Save In response to the trends of population aging and the increasing prevalence of chronic diseases, China proposed a strategic initiative for integrating physical activity and medical care, based on the proactive health framework. Physical Activity Referral Schemes (PARS), a global example of the integration of sports and healthcare, have shown notable success in practice, particularly in Australia. The SFIC theoretical model, a classic framework in collaborative governance, consists of four components: Starting Conditions (S), Facilitative Leadership (F), Institutional Design (I), and Collaborative Process (C). Using the SFIC analytical model and applying methods of literature review, inductive reasoning, and logical deduction, this paper systematically examined the development practices and collaborative framework of PARS in Australia. It is found that reaching consensus and effectively integrating resources, establishing a primary care-led referral mechanism, providing comprehensive referral safeguards and institutional designs, and developing a clear referral collaboration process and information platform are key elements to drive the implementation of PARS in Australia across the four aspects of starting conditions, facilitative leadership, institutional design, and collaborative process. The study suggests that China can advance the integration of physical activity and medical care by enhancing conceptual and operational alignment, fostering collaborative participation between government and market sectors, promoting comprehensive institutional support and innovative implementation, and establishing a modernized referral process and information platform. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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The Protective Effect of Perceived Social Support in the Effect of Psychological Fatigue on Athletic Motivation in Weightlifters: Mediator or Moderator? SHANG Yao, XIE Haodong, YANG Shiyong 2025, 51 (1):  147-153,162.  doi: 10.15942/j.jcsu.2025.01.13 Abstract ( 84 )   PDF (1003KB) ( 31 )   Save Fatigue-adaptation-refatigue-adaptation, as an adaptive process that athletes must go through to improve their competitive ability, reminds coaches of the need to focus on controlling the negative effects of psychological fatigue on athletes, and previous research suggests that perceived social support may play a protective role in the negative effects of mental fatigue on motivation. Thus, the present study aimed to clarify the specific ways in which perceived social support acts on psychological fatigue to affect motivation through a mediating and moderating effect model. It was found that psychological fatigue negatively predicted weightlifters' motivation; perceived social support partially mediated the negative effect of psychological fatigue on weightlifters' motivation; and perceived social support did not have a moderating effect between psychological fatigue and weightlifters' motivation. Accordingly, the study confirmed the protective effect of perceived social support in the process of psychological fatigue influencing motivation, emphasized the value of perceived social support in the process of "fatigue-adaptation-refatigue-adaptation", and reminded coaches that they could use it in this process. The study also reminded that coaches can enhance the level of perceived social support in this process and exert its protective effect to maintain weightlifters' motivation. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis on the Key Performance Indicators of Techniques and Tactics of Excellent Men’s Single Tennis Players in Matches on Different Types of Courts LIU Chang, HOU Huisheng, WANG Yixue, JIANG Liping 2025, 51 (1):  154-162.  doi: 10.15942/j.jcsu.2025.01.15 Abstract ( 70 )   PDF (557KB) ( 35 )   Save This study used the methods of questionnaire surveys, Delphi method, video analysis and mathematical statistics to analyze and study the data of 210 games in the Grand Slam Tennis and the Tennis Masters Cup from 2017 to 2021, including 70 games on hard court, clay court and grass court respectively. By introducing a theoretical framework of key performance indicators and establishing discriminant function models, this study identified tactical performance indicators affecting match outcomes of athletes on different court types. The results showed that the models for key tactical performance indicators influencing match outcomes on different court types were as follows: Y (hard courts) = -12.00 + 10.73 × return scoring rate + 8.74 × first serve scoring rate + 4.15 × second serve scoring rate; Y (clay courts) = -13.26 + 13.67 × return scoring rate + 7.53 × first serve scoring rate + 5.68 × winners to unforced errors ratio (W/U); Y (grass courts) = -9.63 + 10.27 × return scoring rate + 4.70 × second serve scoring rate + 4.95 × net scoring rate. The Wilks’lambda statistics for the models were 0.40, 0.31, and 0.45 respectively, with chi-square values of 124.93, 136.43, and 74.58, all having p-values less than 0.05. Conclusion: Key tactical performance indicators on hard courts include first serve scoring rate, second serve scoring rate, and return scoring rate. On clay courts, they include first serve scoring rate, W/U ratio, and return scoring rate. On grass courts, they include net scoring rate, second serve scoring rate, and return scoring rate. Across different court types, return scoring rate is consistently the most influential tactical performance indicator affecting match outcomes. References | Related Articles | Metrics