Table of Content

15 March 2023, Volume 49 Issue 2 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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Students' PhysicalEducation Learning Engagement Model and the Variation of Different School Age Groups: A Physical Activity Intensity Perspective TANG Yan, MA Xiao 2023, 49 (2):  1-9.  doi: 10.15942/j.jcsu.2023.02.001 Abstract ( 774 )   PDF (1528KB) ( 1752 )   Save Using physical activity intensity as the dependent variable, the article constructs a physical education learning engagement model of primary and secondary school students based on empirical data, and reveals the variation of different school age groups in the model structure and its implied pedagogical issues. The results show that teaching content, learning and practice format, classroom interpersonal atmosphere, and physical education function recognition are the main factors influencing students' physical education classroom engagement level, and there are distinct school-age differences in the effect paths of the factors. The professionalism and interpersonal characteristics of the learning and practicing style at different school age groups have universal implications for the enhancement of students' physical education learning engagement, and the influence of the professionalism and sense of value of physical education learning on learning engagement gradually increases as school age increases. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Social Health Supporters: The New Role of International Sports Organizations in the Field of Health ——Based on the Comparison of Social Network Structure and Health Resources of the International Olympic Committee before and after the Outbreak of Covid-19 Pandemic HUANG Lixin, GUO Qing, YANG Xi 2023, 49 (2):  10-16.  doi: 10.15942/j.jcsu.2023.02.002 Abstract ( 539 )   PDF (2461KB) ( 1526 )   Save The global spreading of Covid-19 pandemic has made public health issues become the focus of international attention once again. Based on the theory of social health, and the theory of social network, and using the methods of content analysis, text analysis, and social network analysis, this study compares the social network relation types, structure and the characteristics of network health resources of the International Olympic Committee before and after the outbreak of Covid-19 pandemic, trying to find out the transformation in the action of international sports organizations in the field of health, and putting forward the new role that international sports organizations should take in improving the health level of the general public in a broader sense.It is believed that: in addition to keeping their original social network health resources, and network relations and structure advantage, international sports organizations should actively break their organizational border, construct a “no hole” structure which is more open, flat and decentralized, increase total output of social health resources through a variety of coupling relationship, shift roles from personal health supporters to social health guiders, important bridge of the international community, healthy rights supporters, thus playing a more positive leading role in the global action of social health. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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The New “Olympia” Vision: Historical Retrospect and Contemporary Interpretation of Pierre de Coubertin' s Olympic City Thoughts FENG Yanan, SUN Baoli, BI Tianyang 2023, 49 (2):  17-23.  doi: 10.15942/j.jcsu.2023.02.003 Abstract ( 784 )   PDF (1238KB) ( 1555 )   Save Pierre de Coubertin's new “Olympia” vision is multi-dimensional and complex. However, few studies have been devoted to excavating, presenting and analyzing his thoughts on Olympic City. Based on Coubertin's autobiography, books, lectures, letters, IOC files, this study analyzes his Olympic city thoughts from 4 aspects: his support for Olympic City, his emphasis on building Olympic space, his insistence on holding the games in turn by different cities and the plight of the new “Olympia” taken as a utopia, thus revealing Coubertin' s new “Olympia” vision. It is hoped that this study not only adds a unique perspective to enrich the history of the Olympics in view of its current development, but also provides a reference for the reform of the Olympic movement, hosting games and development of Olympic cities and the long-lasting charm of Beijing as a Double Olympic City. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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From "Emotional Massage" to "Emotional Consumption": Research on the Meme Communication of Short Videos of 2022 Beijing Winter Olympic Games LIANG Xiangzi, LIU Haihai 2023, 49 (2):  24-29.  doi: 10.15942/j.jcsu.2023.02.004 Abstract ( 657 )   PDF (2111KB) ( 1431 )   Save In the "era of video socialization", short videos are increasingly involved in the production and dissemination of contemporary social and cultural knowledge. During the 2022 Beijing Winter Olympics, a number of short video works of the Beijing Winter Olympics appeared on the Internet, becoming an important carrier of information dissemination, public opinion guidance, and emotional connection. These short video works "massage" the audience from the visual, psychological and aesthetic aspects, and strive to build people's new "emotional consumption mode" in the new cultural context. By interpreting the media text of the short video works of the Beijing Winter Olympic Games, this paper takes meme communication as the main research issue to explore the emotional texture, cultural communication mechanism and consumption logic behind the images, and further discusses the universal path of short video enabled sports culture communication, which will be an important topic of sports culture communication in the video socialization era. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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ETPB-based Research on Continuous Participation Intention of Volunteers in Sports Events ZHANG Rongzi, LIANG Yuan, LI Shuwang, LI Jinglv 2023, 49 (2):  30-36.  doi: 10.15942/j.jcsu.2023.02.005 Abstract ( 774 )   PDF (1291KB) ( 1242 )   Save Volunteers are an important part of the effective operation of sports events and a vivid embodiment of the event culture. Based on the theory of planned behavior (TPB) and the antecedent variables of participation motivation, the study takes the volunteers of the 2022 Beijing Winter Olympic Games as the subjects of investigation and explains the influencing factors and the intrinsic mechanism of the continuous participation intention of volunteers through questionnaire survey and data analysis. The study shows that the attitude of individual volunteers plays an important role in the decision-making process of participation intention, and motivation has a significant positive influence on the formation of attitude and the overall characteristics of the endogenous drive. Based on this, we propose that focus should be put on the subjective value perception of individual volunteers and the endogenous driving force of volunteerism should be stimulated. The findings of the study confirm some of the previous theoretical perspectives, expand the perspective of TPB theory analysis and deepen the antecedent factors, which can facilitate the existing theory and provide theoretical support for volunteer service management in the post-Winter Olympics era. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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The Chinese Path to Modernization and the Comprehensive Construction of a Leading Sports Nation CHEN Congkan, YANG Yuanbo 2023, 49 (2):  37-44.  doi: 10.15942/j.jcsu.2023.02.006 Abstract ( 1247 )   PDF (1244KB) ( 1359 )   Save The Chinese path to modernization is the only way to construct a great modern socialist country, and it provides the fundamental direction for the construction of a leading sports nation. The leading sports nation along the Chinese path to modernization is a modern leading sports nation of a huge population, of the common prosperity for all, of material and cultural-ethical advancement, of harmony between human and nature, and of progressing towards a community with shared future for mankind. The core principles include: upholding the overall leadership of the CPC, upholding the guidance of Marxism, keeping to the path based on China's conditions, upholding the people-centered value pursuit, being committed to the reform and opening up. To comprehensively construct a leading sports nation along the Chinese path to modernization means to develop all sports sectors in a comprehensive and coordinated way, to fully and thoroughly implement the top level design, to pursue the high quality development of sports under the guidance of new development philosophy, and to serve the people by bringing more sports reform fruits to all our people. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Logical Mechanism, Principle Orientation and Practical Path of Integrating Sports into the Ecological Conservation Construction in the New Era ZHAO Wanqing, ZHAO Yilong, YE Haibo, ZHAO Jianyuan 2023, 49 (2):  45-51.  doi: 10.15942/j.jcsu.2023.02.007 Abstract ( 623 )   PDF (1710KB) ( 1366 )   Save The Chinese path to modernization stresses the simultaneous promotion of material civilization and ecological conservation. Integrating sports into the construction of ecological conservation with Chinese characteristics is a path to sports modernization, which takes the value concept of harmonious coexistence between human and nature as the cultural gene, complies with the historical inevitable trend of ecological conservation development, and meets people's need for a better life. The concept of ecological conservation with Chinese characteristics in the new era provides ideological guidance for integrating sports into the ecological conservation construction. Taking the construction of beautiful China as a starting point, the research focuses on the essential requirements of Chinese modernization and the practical path of building a beautiful China, and finally proposes five action paths to integrate sports into the ecological conservation construction. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Review and Reflection on the Evaluation Index System of Sports Cities WANG Cheng 2023, 49 (2):  52-58.  doi: 10.15942/j.jcsu.2023.02.008 Abstract ( 530 )   PDF (2122KB) ( 1284 )   Save The reflective research on the evaluation of sports cities is a response to the construction of evaluation indicators caused by the building of sports cities. Based on the three perspectives of global vision, continental scope and national level, and the four dimensions of evaluation subject, calculation method, guiding concept and implementation procedure, this paper analyzes and evaluates the evaluation index system of different versions of sports cities at home and abroad. It is pointed out that the current research on sports cities should jump out of the misunderstanding of index system construction and excessive interpretation either in terms of evaluation or construction, and turn to the formation and development of sports cities; in returning to the ultimate value of sports city construction, cultural identity is the essence of sports city; build an ideal sports city in terms of characteristics, it is necessary to strengthen the reproduction capacity of urban sports cultural capital, so as to cultivate the endogenous mechanism and internal power of sports cities. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Development of Public Sports Service PPP Projects in China: Based on CPPPC Database NIU Ruixin, LI Yanling 2023, 49 (2):  59-65.  doi: 10.15942/j.jcsu.2023.02.009 Abstract ( 624 )   PDF (1229KB) ( 1244 )   Save Relying on the project database data of the Center for Cooperation between Government and Social Capital (CPPPC) of the Ministry of Finance, and adopting the methods of statistical analysis and comparative analysis, the PPP project of public sports services of 26 provinces in China was studied from the dimensions of project quantity, total investment, landing rate and bidding method, return mechanism and cooperation duration. The findings show that: (1) Since the public sports service PPP project was initiated in 2011, regional development has always been unbalanced, namely, the application of PPP mode in the construction of public sports service in eastern and western regions has developed well, while the growth rate in the central region lags behind. (2) Public bidding, feasibility gap subsidy and reasonable duration of cooperation are operational mechanism chosen under the existing institutional arrangements, and the more flexible the choice of mechanism, the better the project benefits can be optimized. To promote the sustainable development of public sports service PPP projects in China, we should create a favorable investment and financing environment, insist on the standardization of operation, build a return mechanism for the “integration of production and affairs”, and set a reasonable duration of cooperation. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Organizing and Constructing Ideological and Political Teaching Materials for PE Curriculum to Promote the Generation of Typical Teaching Cases ZHAO Fuxue, SHEN Zhaoxin, LI Zhuangzhuang 2023, 49 (2):  66-72.  doi: 10.15942/j.jcsu.2023.02.010 Abstract ( 499 )   PDF (1589KB) ( 1168 )   Save Clarifying the composition pattern of ideological and political teaching materials for PE curriculum lays an important foundation for the effective generation of typical examples of ideological and political education in PE curriculum. By using the research methods of literature, case analysis and logical reasoning, this paper makes an in-depth analysis of the typical problems such as inadequate quantity, worrying quality, scattered theme, single type in the process of generating typical ideological and political lessons in PE curriculum, and systematically explains the multi-dimensional requirements of the typical lessons in terms of volume, quality, theme, and process. The study points out that through the integration and refinement of resources, the accumulation of teaching practice, the optimization of curriculum innovation, supervision and evaluation, the composition pattern of ideological and political teaching materials can meet the need to organize ideological and political teaching materials for PE curriculum, thus facilitating the generation process of typical lessons according to the preset standards. It is proposed that by making timely supplement, timely adjustment, regular correction, timely promotion and real-time supervision and evaluation, teachers can construct the organizing mechanism of ideological and political teaching materials in PE curriculum to promote the generation of typical teaching cases, and effectively link teaching materials to the design, improvement, innovation, promotion and perfection of typical curriculum examples, thus creating a better teaching environment and conditions for the practical application of typical ideological and political teaching cases in PE curriculum. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Demand Mechanism, Key Dimensions and Implementation Strategies of Boosting the Development of Physical Education with Artificial Intelligence YIN Zhihua, GUO Mingming, JIA Chenyu, XU Yanxian, LI Chenxi 2023, 49 (2):  73-81.  doi: 10.15942/j.jcsu.2023.02.011 Abstract ( 761 )   PDF (1259KB) ( 1459 )   Save With the promulgation of “the Development Plan of the New Generation of Artificial Intelligence” and the wide application of artificial intelligence technologies such as ChatGPT in various fields, it has become a future trend to boost the development of physical education with artificial intelligence. This paper analyzes the demand mechanism, key dimensions and implementation strategies of boosting the development of physical education with artificial intelligence. The research shows that the demand mechanism of boosting the development of physical education with artificial intelligence includes: the new generation of physical education implementation objects will be deeply influenced by artificial intelligence, the overall promotion of the wide application of artificial intelligence in the field of education, the urgent demand for artificial intelligence in the development of physical education in the new era, and the driving force of the cultivation of students' high-level sports thinking ability. Boosting the development of physical education with artificial intelligence is reflected in three key dimensions: physical education management, physical education teachers' teaching and students' physical education learning. The strategies to boost the development of physical education with artificial intelligence include: strengthen infrastructure construction, strengthen top-level design, improve physical education teachers' intelligent literacy, and develop typical application examples. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of Sitting Tai Chi on Upper Limb Motor Function in Brunnstrom Ⅱ Stroke Patients WANG Wuhao, ZHANG Guangpeng, XIE Haijiang, QU Pengyu, QU Pengcheng, WANG Xihu, ZONG Weijie 2023, 49 (2):  82-87.  doi: 10.15942/j.jcsu.2023.02.012 Abstract ( 500 )   PDF (1211KB) ( 1477 )   Save Objective: To investigate the effect of sitting Tai Chi on upper limb motor function in Brunnstrom II stroke patients. Methods: Twenty patients with upper limb Brunnstrom stage II stroke were randomly divided into experimental group (N=10) and control group (N=10). Both groups of patients received routine rehabilitation training, 30 minutes of sitting tai chi training for the experimental group, and the same length of free rehabilitation exercise for the control group. Rehabilitation was assessed by Fugl-Meyer scale upper limb portion, modified Barthel index, shoulder forward flexor motion, shoulder abductor motion, and elbow flexor motion before and 4 weeks after treatment. Results: After 4 weeks of treatment, the FMA-UE score, shoulder flexion motion, shoulder abduction motion and elbow flexion motion of both groups were significantly improved (P<0.01), and the improvement results of the experimental group were higher than those of the control group (P<0.05). There were significant differences in change rate of FMA-UE score, change rate of shoulder flexion range of motion and change rate of shoulder abduction range of motion between the two groups (P<0.05), but no significant differences in change rate of elbow flexion range of motion (P>0.05). After 4 weeks of treatment, the MBI score of the two groups was significantly improved (P<0.01), but there was no significant difference between the two groups (P>0.05), and no significant difference in change rate of the MBI score between the two groups (P>0.05). Conclusion: 4 weeks of sitting Tai Chi training can improve the upper limb motor function of Brunnstrom II stroke patients and effectively improve the shoulder joint flexion and abductive range of motion. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Study onImproving Sleep Quality of Elite Female Wrestlers by Chinese Traditional Sports Yang Sheng Zhu Ji Gong XU Naidan, CAI Zhengfeng, HU Xiaofei, LIU Weijun 2023, 49 (2):  88-93.  doi: 10.15942/j.jcsu.2023.02.013 Abstract ( 443 )   PDF (1216KB) ( 1252 )   Save Objective: To explore the effect of health preservation on sleep quality of high-level female wrestlers. Methods: During the winter training of the national women's wrestling team, athletes with a score of 7 or more on the Pittsburgh Scale were treated with health building as the intervention method (the experiment lasted for 8 weeks, practiced 5 times a week, once each time, all before going to bed every night). Firstbeat Bodyguard and Pittsburgh Scales were used to collect sleep quality data. At the same time, the training plan was recorded, the blood indicators of the subjects were monitored for 8 weeks, and the changes in their training load were observed. Results: (1) In the special preparation stage of the basic preparation period of winter training and the special improvement stage of the pre-competition preparation period, the load and load intensity increased alternately, creatine kinase increased significantly (P<0.05), and there were no significant differences in hemoglobin, serum cortisol and testosterone. (2) After the intervention, there were significant differences in sleep quality, sleep duration and sleep efficiency on the Pittsburgh Scale (PSQI) (P<0.05), and there was a very significant difference in the total score of the Pittsburgh Sleep Scale compared with that before the experiment (P<0.01), and there were no significant differences in sleep onset, sleep disorder and daytime dysfunction. (3) After the intervention, the sleep recovery time and sleep stress time of athletes were significantly improved (P<0.05), and there were no significant differences in total sleep duration and average heart rate. Conclusion: The 8-week health building exercise can effectively improve the sleep quality of high-level female wrestlers with the gradual increase of training volume and intensity. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on Judicial Cases of Competitive Play in Ancient China DAI Yu, GAO Haijie, LIU Qing 2023, 49 (2):  94-100.  doi: 10.15942/j.jcsu.2023.02.014 Abstract ( 543 )   PDF (1227KB) ( 1515 )   Save There were a number of judicial documents regarding competitive play in ancient China, such as boating, Wushu, sumo, archery, shuttlecock kicking, etc. The cases in Tang and Song dynasties were mainly used as references for official selection and judicial decisions.The cases of sumo and archery in the Yuan Dynasty could be directly used as the legal basis for judgments. The precedents of Wushu in the Qing Dynasty can supplement and refine the legal provisions.Judicial cases of competitive play in ancient China not only expanded the types of ancient sports historical materials, but also proved that there were systematic measures to control sports injury in ancient China.It is worth noting that the governance of competitive play involved shuttlecock cases in the Qing Dynasties had reached the depth of legal discussion.Compared with other historical materials, the historical documents of competitive play are more authentic and universe.Only when competitive activities reached a certain scale could there be legal governance measures.From this perspective, the judicial cases of competitive play and other sports literature reveal the general development of sports in ancient times. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Media Discourse Changes and Value Construction of “One Newspaper and One Magazine” in New China HE Jing 2023, 49 (2):  101-106.  doi: 10.15942/j.jcsu.2023.02.015 Abstract ( 642 )   PDF (2116KB) ( 1507 )   Save Taking “One Newspaper and One Magazine” (China Sports Daily and New Sports) as the research objects, this study analyzes by means of documents, mathematical statistics, discourse analysis and historical research their reports and discourse characteristics as well as their functions and influences in different historical periods and social environments. At different stages of development, “One Newspaper and One Magazine”, as the professional media of socialist sports with Chinese characteristics, have had in-depth interaction with sports practice and social practice over time through their own reporting and discourse practice. As the recorders, witnesses, participants and promoters of the development of sports in New China, “One Newspaper and One Magazine”, as an indispensable and important force of the development of sports in new China, show the changes in cognition and functional positioning of sports and sports communication at different stages of the state and social development. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on Responsive Supervision System of Sports Social Organizations under the Background of Decoupling JIN Chaoxia, HUANG Yaling 2023, 49 (2):  107-113.  doi: 10.15942/j.jcsu.2023.02.016 Abstract ( 533 )   PDF (1220KB) ( 1446 )   Save Under the background of fully decoupling social organizations from government administration and realizing the modernization of sports governance system and governance capacity, the construction of responsive regulatory system of sports social organizations is undoubtedly an effective means to achieve their orderly development. This paper mainly uses the method of literature review and field investigation to analyze the difficulties in relation to the supervision of China's sports social organizations in terms of government, society and sports social organizations themselves, and based on the theory of responsive supervision, proposes to build a multi-subject supervision body made of government, citizens and social media, third-party evaluation agencies, party organizations and sports social organizations themselves. In this multi-subject supervision system, the government transfer the supervision rights by means of principal-agent, strengthened self-regulation, etc. and adopts the regulatory strategies of command-based supervision and strengthened self-regulation to build a responsive regulatory system of sports social organizations so as to realize their orderly development. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Realistic Demands, Operational Logic and Practical Paths of Sports Emotional Governance DONG Beihong, YANG Jian 2023, 49 (2):  114-120.  doi: 10.15942/j.jcsu.2023.02.017 Abstract ( 484 )   PDF (1231KB) ( 1613 )   Save Sports emotional governance is a process of strengthening emotional investment and emotional construction between governance subjects and sports participants through social interaction and emotional communication. It is the result of implementing sports governance and promoting the achievement of sports goals based on coordinating emotional relations. The research believes that the operation of sports emotional governance has its political logic, social logic and media logic, and there is an operational logic of coupling and linkage between politics, society and media. Emotions should be taken as a means of sports governance to make up for the weaknesses and deficiencies in the institutional and technical governance system, and reconcile the tension between emotions and institutions. The study proposes that the realization of sports emotional governance should rely on the joint promotion of multi-subject integration and linkage, multi-value ties and modern tool support, so as to deeply grasp the people's growing realistic needs for a better life. We should build a state-led collaborative promotion mechanism for sports emotional governance, and rely on the mass media to enhance the intelligent level of sports emotional governance, and achieve the maximum efficiency of using sports emotional governance to serve the diverse needs of social subjects. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Integration and Expansion: Study on the High-Quality Development of Sports Industry in Sichuan Province FANG Wei 2023, 49 (2):  121-127.  doi: 10.15942/j.jcsu.2023.02.018 Abstract ( 764 )   PDF (1757KB) ( 1580 )   Save Based on the relevant data of sports, culture and tourism industries in Sichuan from 2016 to 2020, this present study constructs an evaluation index system of sports, culture and tourism industries to measure and compare the coupling degree and coupling coordination of the three industries in Sichuan during the 13th Five-Year planning. The findings indicate: the sports, culture and tourism industries have a strong coupling degree, while their coupling degree and coupling coordination is low. This study puts forward some specific suggestions: further the integration of the three industries, enrich integration products, expand the integration market space, and improve the supporting policies. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Problems, Causes and Solutions in the High-quality Development of Competitive Sports in Sichuan Province LIU Hanquan 2023, 49 (2):  128-134.  doi: 10.15942/j.jcsu.2023.02.019 Abstract ( 738 )   PDF (1227KB) ( 1211 )   Save By using the methods of literature review and expert interview, this study systematically analyzes the development of competitive sports in Sichuan, pointing out the difficulties of slow change of ideology, low efficiency of system operation, low conversion rate of project resources, lack of high-level professional talents and low level of scientific and technological support in the process of promoting high-quality development of competitive sports in Sichuan. The causes include: the influence of closed basin consciousness and cozy life pursuit, the influence of the general-division strategy, the serious loss of high-level talents, the difficulty of deepening the integration of sports and education, the incomplete competitive sports mechanism co-run by multiple subjects, and the relatively low level of high-tech support. The strategies to tackle the difficulties include: strengthen the political leadership, adhere to the “gold medal strategy”, innovate the operation system and mechanism, optimize the talent training system, enhance the level of scientific and technological support, pay close attention to the combination of competition and training, and fully communicate with the international community. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Reflection on theBasic Problems and Countermeasures of Competitive Physical Fitness Training in China SUN Youping, SUN Minkang 2023, 49 (2):  135-142.  doi: 10.15942/j.jcsu.2023.02.020 Abstract ( 928 )   PDF (1378KB) ( 1277 )   Save In order to cope with the challenges of professionalization of competitive sports, intensification of events and normalization of athletes' injuries, functional training has been introduced into competitive sports, which has injected new content into China's competitive physical fitness training and also brought some new problems. Recently, “vigorously supplementing” the shortcomings of basic physical fitness has caused some well-known athletes to loose their qualification for the finals due to their basic physical fitness failing to meet the standard, which has triggered a debate in the academic and social circles on the rationality of strengthening basic physical fitness and the scientificity of basic physical fitness test. The essence of the above argument is the essential attribute of functional training and the relationship among basic physical training, special physical training and functional training. It is of positive significance for the scientific and systematic development of competitive physical training in China to clarify the above-mentioned physical training related problems and explore coping strategies. The research shows that: (1) the essential attribute of functional training is physical fitness training, which is an integral part of the content system of competitive physical fitness training. Its training effect is mainly to correct athletes' bad posture, prevent sports injuries, and improve movement performance. Functional training and special physical fitness training are mutually inherited to jointly promote the improvement of competitive physical fitness. (2) Special physical fitness training has little internal relationship with basic physical fitness training, and the training benefits are difficult to be effectively transferred from basic physical fitness training. (3) In order to meet the needs of the development of the new situation of modern competitive physical fitness training, we should scientifically plan competitive physical fitness training and dialectically treat “vigorously supplement the shortcomings of physical fitness”; Reasonably position various physical training to accurately improve its training effect; clarify the division of labor between the head coach and the physical coach, and strengthen the cooperation between them; promote the digital transformation of competitive physical fitness training, and strive to achieve intelligent upgrading. References | Related Articles | Metrics