Table of Content

15 May 2023, Volume 49 Issue 3 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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Revisit to Mao Zedong’s National Salvation Concept of "Civilizing Its Spirit and Toughing Its Body" CHEN Tingxiang 2023, 49 (3):  1-7.  doi: 10.15942/j.jcsu.2023.03.001 Abstract ( 272 )   PDF (1320KB) ( 486 )   Save Young Mao Zedong's well-known saying "civilizing its spirit, toughing its body", which has a very far-reaching and widespread influence, should have been influenced by the similar ideas of Fukuzawa Yukichi of Japan, which were transmitted to China by Chen Duxiu and Cai E. However, this famous saying should have been first used by Mao Zedong and later transmitted across the world. When young Mao Zedong proposed the concept of "civilizing its spirit, toughing its body", he deeply criticized the traditional Chinese view of physical beauty and ugliness and physical movement, and proposed from a unique perspective the concept of strengthening the body, and giving equal importance to literature and martial arts. From the dimension of modern sports view, it adds a unique content for the New Culture Movement by criticizing the traditional cultural defects, transforming the national character and seeking a new way to save the country. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on the Formation Logic and Governance Strategy of Informal Sports Organizations DU Changliang, WANG Zhiwen, CHEN Bingqing 2023, 49 (3):  8-14.  doi: 10.15942/j.jcsu.2023.03.002 Abstract ( 252 )   PDF (1390KB) ( 533 )   Save Informal sports organizations, with their self-organization characteristics and extraordinary activity ability and influence, play the special role of “grassroots cohesion” in building a new development pattern of national fitness. By using research methods of literature and field survey, the theoretical role of informal sports organizations under the new development pattern of national fitness was first clarified, and then the generation logic of informal sports organizations was refined from practice, and corresponding governance strategies were proposed according to the organizational governance dilemma. The study believes that informal sports organizations, as an effective organizational carrier for the in-depth implementation of the national fitness strategy, are generated in the logic of the transformation of major social contradictions, the transformation of sports governance system, the change of social sports concepts and the spontaneous participation of the masses. In the face of the governance dilemma of government governance deviation, internal governance disorder and lack of governance resources, the following governance strategies are proposed: build a nationwide fitness cooperative governance system of “grassroots government-formal sports organizations-informal sports organizations”; promote the transformation of the concept of government governance, adhere to the equal importance of supervision and cultivation; We should improve the internal governance order of informal sports organizations, and improve the organizational governance norms that combine autonomy, rule of law and rule of virtue under the leadership of the Party organization; Improve the organization’s social mobilization ability, strengthen the organization’s social identity and other strategies to promote the deep integration of informal sports organizations into the new development pattern of national fitness. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Lazy or Busy? Influencing Factors and Paths of Citizen Fitness Behavior Based on the Analysis of Public Opinions in Weibo YUAN Mengsha, CHEN Qing, WEN Juan 2023, 49 (3):  15-20.  doi: 10.15942/j.jcsu.2023.03.003 Abstract ( 263 )   PDF (1436KB) ( 480 )   Save After the implementation of the "National Fitness Program (2021-2025)" by State Council, expectations expressed through online public opinions in Sina Weibo regarding citizens' fitness are of great value for the in-depth exploration of the factors influencing citizens' fitness behavior. In this research, 1696 first-level comments about the "National Fitness Program" in Sina Weibo were collected with the help of Java programs. Using grounded theory coding technology, four categories, namely, "social situation of citizen fitness," "support system for citizen fitness," "subjective consciousness toward citizen fitness," and "objective conditions of citizen fitness" were identified and their logical relationship was investigated. On that basis, the driving factors and path of citizen fitness were constructed. This research indicates that external environmental factors, which are composed of the social situation of citizen fitness and the social support system for citizen fitness, affect citizens' fitness behavior. Subjective consciousness toward citizen fitness is the internal driving factor of citizen fitness behavior, while the objective conditions of citizen fitness are the external factor that guarantees citizen fitness behavior. The external environmental factors of citizen fitness can drive citizen fitness behavior (cognitive path of citizen fitness) by stimulating subjective consciousness toward citizen fitness. They can also drive citizen fitness behavior (tool path of citizen fitness) by ensuring the objective conditions of citizen fitness. Systematic theoretical research on the driving factors of citizen fitness behavior can be enriched and expanded by the results of the current study, which can provide both theoretical basis and implementation path for government, community and enterprises to formulate citizen fitness behavior policies. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Image Symbols of the Winter Olympic Emblem and the Construction of National Image DONG Yu, ZHANG Hongyu, LI Shangbin, YAN Shi, SUN Meng 2023, 49 (3):  21-27.  doi: 10.15942/j.jcsu.2023.03.004 Abstract ( 192 )   PDF (5479KB) ( 478 )   Save From the perspective of image semiotics, this article analyzes the value function of the design concept of Winter Olympic emblem for the construction of national image by interpreting and analyzing emblem patterns in previous Winter Olympics, and classifying the Winter Olympic emblem into abstract geometric pattern, objective figurative pattern, fusion decorative pattern and modern creative pattern. The study shows that: the Winter Olympics emblem records the natural geography and national territory, and strengthens citizens' historical responsibility and mission for the rise and fall of their country; the emblem conveys the voice of a country and contains the spirit of a nation, which plays a significant role in stimulating patriotic enthusiasm and emotional connection, and strengthening the sense of national community; the emblem records national crisis, reminds citizens of their historical feelings, and lays a common and stable foundation for the construction of national image. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Covid-19 Pandemic and Community Responsibility: A Case to Understand British Sport, Media and Society based on Coverage of Pay Cut of English Premier League YANG Xi, GUO Qing 2023, 49 (3):  28-34.  doi: 10.15942/j.jcsu.2023.03.005 Abstract ( 198 )   PDF (1318KB) ( 474 )   Save Covid-19 pandemic triggered a pay cut for Premier League players that received much attention from British society and the media, and the event is a good case study for understanding the relationship between sport, media and society in Britain during the pandemic. Using a mixed approach combining corpus linguistics and critical discourse analysis, the Daily Mail and the Guardian were selected to study the coverage of the event, and it was found that: the media image of the players in the Daily Mail was "rich but cruel", and the media image of the players in the Guardian was "sports heroes". The Daily Mail expects players to sacrifice for their clubs, while the Guardian expects players to contribute to the wider community. Both emphasize players' community responsibility, and both reflect a tendency toward social integration with "strong centripetal and weak centrifugal forces", demonstrating that the pandemic has shifted communities from "intimacy" to "normative altruism". The implications for China is to reconceptualize the community-organizing function of sports and to convey a responsible citizenship image of athletes. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Development Trend, Challenges and Countermeasures of Digital Development of Sports Industry in China LU Zhiqin, CHEN Linxiang, SHEN Lingli 2023, 49 (3):  35-41.  doi: 10.15942/j.jcsu.2023.03.006 Abstract ( 260 )   PDF (1274KB) ( 495 )   Save The digital development of sports industry derives from the internal demand and is an important measure for the high-quality development of sports industry in China. This paper analyzes the development trend and challenges of the digital development of sports industry in China through the methods of literature review and expert interview. and puts forward specific countermeasures according to Chinese actual situation. The research found that: the audience of sports industry digital development in China is increasing, the agglomeration effect of head enterprises is increasing, the standard degree of market development is improving, and the habit of digital payment in sports industry is gradually formed. At the same time, there remain the following challenges: the profit model is not mature; the agglomeration and integration of elements resources is not deep; the fault tolerance mechanism is not perfect; international competitiveness needs to be improved urgently. Specific countermeasures are put forward as follows: expand the value chain of digital sports industry; improve the spatial chain of digital sports industry; strengthen the supply and demand chain of digital sports industry; strengthen the enterprise chain of digital sports industry. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Practical Exploration, Realistic Dilemma and Countermeasures of AIoT Enabling Sports and Fitness Industry ZHU Zhehui, MOU Linlin, DAI Jiafan, SHEN Keyin, CAI Binyao 2023, 49 (3):  42-48.  doi: 10.15942/j.jcsu.2023.03.007 Abstract ( 229 )   PDF (1581KB) ( 488 )   Save Using the methods of case study, the study explores the value orientation of AIoT technology in sports and fitness industry, and constructs a three-dimensional and interactive AI platform of sports and fitness to analyze the realistic dilemma of AIoT enabling digital and intelligent process in the sports and fitness industry and puts forward the corresponding countermeasures. The study concludes that it is necessary to eliminate technical bottlenecks, coordination dilemmas between main bodies, weak risk prevention, insufficient market stock and insufficient supply of talents; to strengthen government’s overall planning to improve the construction of standard systems; to create a safe and stable business environment by complementing the two wings of technology and industry; to strengthen the iteration and upgrading of new infrastructure to realize the interconnection and symbiosis of the sports and fitness industry; to strengthen the research and development of intelligent products to improve the service level of the sports and fitness industry; to improve the cultivation of new technical talents and broaden the financing channels of sports and fitness enterprises. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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How Can Sports Industry Projects Be Embedded into Rural Area Development? ——A Comparative Study Based on the Two Development Models of Villagers Autonomy and Government Dominance ZHU Luojing, YANG Yeling, LI Bing 2023, 49 (3):  49-54.  doi: 10.15942/j.jcsu.2023.03.008 Abstract ( 205 )   PDF (1182KB) ( 457 )   Save Based on the methods of field investigation, interview and case comparative analysis, this article compares the advantages and disadvantages of the two mainstream development models of villager autonomy and government dominance. The survey found that the three core elements of sports industry projects embedded in rural areas are financing channels, land, and interest distribution. The research proposes an optimization path for embedding sports industry projects into rural areas around the core elements: (1) Developing a “sports agriculture+” business format of moderate scale that suits rural economic organizations; (2) Conditionally promoting the reform of rural land property rights transfer; (3) Building a service-oriented government governance model. In addition, this article the triple meaning of embedding sports industry projects into rural area development: (1) Economic meaning: the dual development needs of industrial structure and transformation; (2) Societal meaning: sustained promotion of urban-rural integration development; (3) Governance meaning: the modernization transformation of the “state-rural area” governance relationship. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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On the Unilateral Termination of Professional Football Labor Contract DONG Jinxin 2023, 49 (3):  55-61.  doi: 10.15942/j.jcsu.2023.03.009 Abstract ( 200 )   PDF (1425KB) ( 459 )   Save The unilateral termination of professional football labor contract requires a just cause according to the practical needs of football development and the provisions of FIFA. Based on the practice of football industry, the unilateral termination of professional football labor contract by football players is mainly caused by club's failure in player registration, excessive deduction of players' salary and lack of training conditions, while the reasons for the unilateral termination of labor contract by clubs include football players' injuries and illnesses, their poor performances, leaving the team without permission or refusal to return to the team, and ingestion of prohibited substances. Due to the differences in thinking pattern and methodology, there is a clear distinction between this practice and the pre-arranged statutory termination in existing labor legislations in China. Thus in the future, the settlement of disputes over unilateral termination of professional football labor contract in China should be resolved by classifying the just causes of termination into different types through case induction by the sports arbitration panel by referring to the jurisprudence of international sports arbitration, so as to properly resolve the conflict between the application of state law and the practice of football industry. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Reinterpreting Legal Regulations on Match-manipulation from the Perspective of Professional Football: Control and Balance ZHANG Yujiesheng 2023, 49 (3):  62-68.  doi: 10.15942/j.jcsu.2023.03.010 Abstract ( 203 )   PDF (1404KB) ( 448 )   Save Once the result of the game is known in advance or the course of the game has been artificially fixed, all professional competitive sports will be completely destroyed. Hence, 'combating and destroying' have long been the theme of match-manipulation governance. However, the increasing necessity and urgency to strengthen match-manipulation governance is not limited to this. Match-manipulation is no longer just a chronic illness in the sports industry, but has become a law issue that intertwines with society, economy, politics, and culture. It is difficult to solve the problem solely by the traditional "combating and destroying" practice. Therefore, legal regulation of match-manipulation should take "control and balance" as its core. That is, to comprehensively, appropriately and legitimately intervene in the governance of sports corruption, so as to achieve the final goal of regulating match-manipulation and preventing it from posing a real threat to the healthy and sustainable development of sports through the framework of dynamic balance between sports autonomy and judicial intervention via legislation, law enforcement, administration and many other means of controlling the balance. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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An Empirical Study on the Developmental Characteristics of Physical Indicators and Evaluation Methods of Adolescent Swimmers with Different Developmental Status CAI Guang, ZHU Rongxin, OUYANG Qijun, TANG Yizhu 2023, 49 (3):  69-76.  doi: 10.15942/j.jcsu.2023.03.011 Abstract ( 237 )   PDF (2306KB) ( 463 )   Save To explore the developmental pattern of body shape, physical, and nervous system of individuals with different maturity status during puberty, and to compare the advantages and disadvantages of assessing adolescents' physical development by chronological age or biological age. Method: 551 young male swimmers were recruited in this study. Among them, 94 athletes received followed-up observation for two years since 12 years old. Cross-sectional anthropometric and fitness assessments were conducted on the rest personals (N=457),and the standard score method was used to calculate Z-scores for the early- maturing group and the late- maturing group. All subjects received tests on body shape, maturity status, physical fitness, nervous system, and testosterone. 34 athletes were further divided into early maturing (EM), normal maturing (NM), and late maturing (LM) groups according to their maturation status. Results:(1)The height growth value in EM, NM, and LM group over two years were 8.96 cm, 14.23cm, 16.64 cm respectively. The other anthropometric characteristics showed a similar pattern as height.(2)The VO2max growth value in EM, NM, and LM group over two years were 1.22 l/min, 0.27 l/min, 0.41 l/min respectively. The other fitness characteristics showed a similar pattern as VO2max.(3)The testosterone growth value in EM, NM, and LM group over two years were 29.43 ng/dl, 232.40 ng/dl, and 154.61 ng/dl respectively.(4)The difference between "CA" and "BA" based Z scores in 12s, 13s, and 14s for EM were-1.16, -0.94 and -0.40(P<0.05)respectively. The difference between "CA" and "BA" based Z scores in 12s, 13s, and 14s for LM were 0.70, 1.02 and 0.84(P<0.05)respectively. Conclusion: LM and NM catch up with EM in anthropometric characteristics and testosterone but not in fitness characteristics and nervous system. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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The Changing Trend in Aerobic Fitness of Children and Adolescents and Its Enlightenment: Based on Worldwide Research from 1964 to 2017 KE Youzhi, ZHANG Danqing, TOMKINSON Grant, LIU Yang 2023, 49 (3):  77-84.  doi: 10.15942/j.jcsu.2023.03.012 Abstract ( 212 )   PDF (1931KB) ( 515 )   Save Methods: The four databases of Web of Science, PubMed, ESBCO, and China Knowledge Network (CNKI) were searched using a combination of Boolean logic operations. The search deadline is April 30, 2020.Results: Thirty articles related to aerobic fitness research were included in the analysis, involving a total of 6 613 795 children and adolescents aged 5-19 years from 15 countries. Over the past 53 years, the aerobic fitness of 35 324 children and adolescents has shown an upward trend, the aerobic fitness of 6 566 338 children and adolescents has shown a downward trend, and the aerobic fitness of 12,133 children and adolescents has remained unchanged. After further extracting the aerobic fitness data of children and adolescents in China, it is found that from 1985 to 1989, the aerobic fitness of children and adolescents of all ages showed a slight upward trend; during the 20 years from 1989 to 2009, the aerobic fitness of children and adolescents of all ages began to decline significantly; from 2009 to 2014, most of the age groups showed a trend of reversing the decline. Conclusion: The aerobic fitness of children and adolescents is showing a continuous downward trend, which suggests that it is necessary to regularly monitor the aerobic fitness of children and adolescents and take proactive intervention measures and policy guidelines. At the same time, attention should be paid to the coordinated development at the micro, meso, and macro levels to effectively promote the aerobic fitness of children and adolescents. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on the Application of Big Data in Analyzing the Attack Performance of World Women's Volleyball Teams and Elite Players DU Ning, LI Yijun 2023, 49 (3):  85-90.  doi: 10.15942/j.jcsu.2023.03.013 Abstract ( 217 )   PDF (1021KB) ( 453 )   Save Based on the big data collected from the attack performance indicators of the world’s top women’s volleyball teams in the Tokyo Olympic cycle, using the methods of high-speed video analysis, data volley 4 data detection and literature research, the attack performance of the world’s high-level women’s volleyball teams and elite players is tracked. Conclusion: (1) the attack performance of the world’s top women’s volleyball teams is outstanding, showcased by both the strength type represented by China and Serbia, and the speed type represented by Brazil and the United States. (2) The selection of attack area by the world’s top women’s volleyball teams has the same tendency, that is, making full use of the width of the net and the depth of the field to make a breakthrough; top attack players and receiving players have outstanding attack performance in different locations, and elite middle hitter often forms a collaborative cover with outsider hitter and the corresponding back row attack, making the collective attack show the combination of height and speed and three-dimensional characteristics. (3) The core attack index of the world’s top women’s volleyball players has advantages and the attack route is divided delicately. (4) Compared with Chinese women’s volleyball team, European and American women’s volleyball teams have the advantages of attack height, attack speed and deep cover of the front and back row, and there is a gap in the attack index between wing spiker and some outside players in Chinese women’s volleyball team. (5) The application of big data can provide reference for Chinese women’s volleyball team’s targeted training guidance, pre-match preparation, in-match technical and tactical adjustment and post-match technical and tactical performance feedback, and provide feedback and evaluation for elite players to understand their own match performance scientifically. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on Coping Strategies of Exercise-related Sudden Cardiac Arrest under the Perspective of Integration of Sports and Medicine SI Yunhu, XU Baichao, JIN Ri, TIAN Guogang, LUO Ding 2023, 49 (3):  91-97.  doi: 10.15942/j.jcsu.20221223 Abstract ( 208 )   PDF (1671KB) ( 537 )   Save Exercise-related cardiac arrest at home and abroad, causing serious harm to athletes, families, and society, and has become a public health issue of global concern. This article uses the methods of literature and case analysis to sort out the high-incidence sports events, high-incidence population distribution, and time characteristics of cardiac arrest events associated with exercise at home and abroad. From the perspective of the integration of sports and medicine, this paper makes the following propositions: improve the health screening security plan before sports games and competitions; strengthen medical monitoring during sports games and competitions; improve the management system of emergency support in sports venues; optimize the deployment strategy of emergency equipment in sports venues; strengthen and improve out-of-hospital exercise cardiac arrest prevention and first aid strategies such as personnel training. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of Velocity-based Training on the Maximal Strength and Explosive Power in Athletes: A Meta Analysis ZENG Jing, XUE Xiali, WANG Yang, LIU Qing, LEI Zhengfang, ZHANG Xiaogang 2023, 49 (3):  98-104.  doi: 10.15942/j.jcsu.20230206 Abstract ( 300 )   PDF (6389KB) ( 501 )   Save Objective: to systematically evaluate the intervention effect of velocity-based training (VBT) on improving the maximal strength and explosive power in athletes so as to provide new evidence for strength quality training. Methods: randomized controlled trials (RCT) of VBT on strength quality were searched in CNKI, Web of Science, Google Scholar, Sport Discus, Pubmed and EBSCO from their inception till December 2021. Two researchers separately screened and extracted the literature, and assessed the bias risk of the included studies. The methodological quality of the included literature was assessed by Chochrane bias risk assessment tool, and statistical analysis on the 9 literatures finally included was made by Review Manager 5.4. Results: there were 6 studies on maximal strength, and 9 literatures on explosive power with a total of 290 subjects. (1) Compared with the traditional resistance training, VBT has great heterogeneity in improving maximal strength in athletes. After the sensitivity analysis by the elimination method one by one, the Meta analysis results were statistically significant (I2 =25%,P=0.25;SMD=0.65,95%CI:0.18-1.12,P=0.007, and tended to reach a medium effect when the combined effect was made; (2) VBT was statistically significant in improving explosive power in athletes (95%CI:0.42-1.07,I2=30%,SMD=0.74,P=0.00001), and tended to reach a medium effect when the combined effect was made. Research conclusion: VBT has certain effect on the maximum strength and explosive power of athletes. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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The Reform Path of Sports Skill Curriculum for Physical Education Majors in China from the Perspective of Disciplinary Content Knowledge WU Xianglei, TAO Yuliu, LI Weidong, PENG Qingwen, LI Yilin, YE Wei 2023, 49 (3):  105-111.  doi: 10.15942/j.jcsu.2023.03.014 Abstract ( 243 )   PDF (1062KB) ( 474 )   Save For a long time, the reform of sports skill curriculum for physical education majors in China has been limited to the path of "problem-oriented reform". There always lacks an understanding of the characteristics of physical education majors and theoretical explorations guiding the reform of physical education majors in the process of discussing the reform of sports skill courses, teaching methods, and teaching means. In order to solve these issues, this paper utilized the methods of literature review and theoretical analysis to examine the status of sports skill curriculum reform for physical education majors in China, thus fully and accurately grasping the entry point, focus, and foothold of the reform of sports skill curriculum in physical education majors in China. Another purpose of this study was to introduce the theoretical framework of content knowledge, fully explain the essence of the theoretical characteristics and the dominant idea, deeply analyze the value of the theoretical framework impacting the reform of sports and activity courses for physical education majors, identify key theoretical components to provide support for the reform of sports skill curriculum for physical education majors, and finally propose future directions and paths for the reform of sports skill curriculum for physical education majors by integrating the current domestic demand for the development of physical education majors in China. This paper suggests that to realize sustainable development of sports skill curriculum, physical education major program in China should focus on optimizing four areas including "teaching goals, teaching content, teaching implementation, and teaching evaluation" during the process of reforming how to teach sports skill curriculum. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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High Quality Development of School Physical Education: Value Implication, Realistic Dilemma and Promotion Strategy XUE Pengfei, CAO Jingchuan 2023, 49 (3):  112-118.  doi: 10.15942/j.jcsu.2023.03.015 Abstract ( 255 )   PDF (1404KB) ( 503 )   Save Realizing the high-quality development of school physical education is a major strategic task for China’s education sector in the new era. Adopting the methods of literature review and logical analysis, and taking the five major concepts of "innovation, coordination, green, openness, and sharing" as its guide, this article comprehensively expounds the value implications of high-quality development of school physical education, analyzes the realistic dilemma, and proposes the promotion strategies. The research results indicate that the high-quality development of school physical education lays a solid foundation for the construction of a leading sports nation, is conducive to the systematic construction of a high-quality education system, and is an important path for cultivating high-quality talents in the new era. The realistic dilemma faced by the high-quality development of school physical education: in terms of innovation-driven development, there is a lack of innovation in the school physical education curriculum system and evaluation mechanism; in terms of sustainable development, there are such problems as lack of high-quality resources in coordinated development, prominence of exam-oriented education in green development, and problem of closure in open development; in terms of sharing, there are problems such as lack of top-level design, lack of coordination mechanism, and limited shared resources. High quality development path of school physical education: fully implement the concept of "learning well, practicing hard, and attending competition regularly" to stimulate the innovative vitality of school physical education; firmly adhere to the concept of "collaboration, green, and openness" to promote the sustainable development of school physical education; establish a sound sharing mechanism to build a platform for sharing the achievements of school physical education development. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Investigating the Connotation of "Ticao" and "Tiyu" Before and After Renxu Educational System HE Lei 2023, 49 (3):  119-128.  doi: 10.15942/j.jcsu.2023.03.016 Abstract ( 201 )   PDF (1835KB) ( 454 )   Save This article examines people's perception and usage of these two concepts during the period from the appearance of "Ticao" and "Tiyu" in China to approximately the time of the promulgation of the "Renxu Educational System." After "Tiyu" and "Ticao" were introduced to China, they were not used interchangeably but were used separately. Therefore, this article argues that the cancellation of the "Ticao" course and its replacement by "Tiyu" course in the "Renxu Educational System" is not simply a renaming of the course or a choice between two mixed concepts. By replacing the "Ticao" course with the "Tiyu" course, the "Renxu Educational System" not only followed the popular sentiment of reforming the outdated "Ticao" curriculum but also abolished the Japanese-style "Ticao" curriculum system guided by the military national education, and established a new "Tiyu" curriculum system guided by practical education ideas originating from the United States. This marked a turning point for physical education in modern Chinese schools. By canceling the "Ticao" course and replacing it with the "Tiyu" course, the "Renxu Educational System" not only reestablished the physical education curriculum system in modern Chinese schools, but also changed the practice of physical education in schools after the "Renxu Educational System." In this sense, the decision to discontinue the "Ticao" course and replace it with the "Tiyu" course through "Renxu Educational System" was a form of discourse practice. However, by defining "Tiyu" as a "course" through the educational system, the pragmatic discourse related to "Tiyu" transformed after the "Renxu Educational System", which laid the groundwork for later controversies over the concept of "Tiyu." References | Related Articles | Metrics

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The Knightly Martial Arts of the Late Middle Ages ——Analysis of Italian Martial Arts Literature The Flower of Battle YU Yongtao 2023, 49 (3):  129-135.  doi: 10.15942/j.jcsu.2023.03.017 Abstract ( 196 )   PDF (1916KB) ( 501 )   Save Fior di Battaglia (The Flower of Battle) is a martial arts document written around the beginning of the 15th century by the Italian martial artist Fiore. This book is a comprehensive and systematic account of the chivalry fighting in the late Middle Ages, covering unarmed combat, sword, axe, spear, dagger and other weapon-fighting techniques, including dismounted combat and mounted. This book reveals a lot of details about knights' battles, which is an inescapable historical literature for the study of knights' martial arts in the Middle Ages of Europe. In recent years, The Flower of Battle has drawn many researchers' attention, and has been translated into English. There are even many U.S. and European fencing enthusiasts trying to recover lost knight grapple skills according to the text for many years. Unfortunately, there is not much research on western knight martial arts in China at present, and few Chinese scholars mention this literature. Based on the manuscript of the Flower of Battle collected in J. Paul Getty Museum and the English translation by Colin Hatcher, it is not difficult to find that the Knightly Martial Arts of the late Middle Ages is a comprehensive and hierarchical system. In order to adapt to different combat environments, knights need to master various combat skills. If compared with Chinese traditional martial arts, we can also find many similarities between them. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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"Good Muscle" and "Bad Fat": How Human Beings View Body in the Age of Digital Intelligence LIU Zhiyan 2023, 49 (3):  136-142.  doi: 10.15942/j.jcsu.2023.03.018 Abstract ( 213 )   PDF (1359KB) ( 460 )   Save Influenced by the wave of Post-modernism in 1980s, the social and cultural aspects of human body have been highlighted and human body has become an object that can be shaped and constructed. Meanwhile, under the assistance of modern medical science, the ratio of muscle and fat in human body within certain standards has become the core knowledge in human body expression. This tendency has been reinforced in the age of digital intelligence, and resulted in the interaction between human body and media and its digital expression, as well as the formation of a new view towards human body. This article takes the methods of "participant observation" and deep investigation in anthropology to discuss how human beings develop the expression mechanism of human body in the age of digital intelligence, and put the expression into practice. Besides, the construction of identity and the obtainment of experience in this process are expounded, which will be eventually crystalized as unique social memory. References | Related Articles | Metrics