Table of Content

15 March 2020, Volume 46 Issue 2 Previous Issue    Next Issue

SPECIAL FEATURE ON CHINESE WOMEN'S VOLLEY-BALL SPIRIT AND SPORTS CULTURE

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The Representation and Contemporary Significance of the Chinese Women’s Volleyball Phenomenon SHU Weiping 2020, 46 (2):  1-4.  doi: 10.15942/j.jcsu.2020.02.001 Abstract ( 2169 )   PDF (1091KB) ( 1066 )   Save Related Articles | Metrics

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Chinese Women's Volleyball Spirit and Sports Culture ZHONG Bingshu, LI Nan 2020, 46 (2):  5-7.  doi: 10.15942/j.jcsu.2020.02.002 Abstract ( 2163 )   PDF (843KB) ( 1090 )   Save Related Articles | Metrics

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Influence of Chinese Women's Volleyball Spirit on China's Sports Culture Construction under the Background of Cultural Confidence LIU Zheng, ZHANG Linhuan, ZHENG Xikun 2020, 46 (2):  8-10.  doi: 10.15942/j.jcsu.2020.02.003 Abstract ( 3512 )   PDF (838KB) ( 1085 )   Save Related Articles | Metrics

SPECIAL CONTRIBUTIONS

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Reform and Innovation for Athletes’ Entry Qualification Management in China from Rule of Law WANG Jiahong, GU Dehong 2020, 46 (2):  11-19.  doi: 10.15942/j.jcsu.2020.02.004 Abstract ( 1465 )   PDF (1203KB) ( 725 )   Save Using documentary method, this paper analyzes from the perspective of rule of law the typical problems and related characteristics in athletes’ entry qualification and the predicament in athletes’ entry qualification reform, and puts forward some suggestions on how to reform athletes’ entry qualification according to the principles of right guarantee, fair play and procedural justice. The typical problems in athletes’ entry qualification include lack of entry qualification for elite athletes, deliberate change for athletes’ competition advantage and deliberate interruption into athletes’ participation. The main characteristics concerning athletes’ entry qualification problems include: most problems occur in the events with traditional advantages, athletes are in a weak and dominated position, therefore it is difficult for them to strive for their due rights and interests. The predicaments of reform include: the establishment of management institutions where the selection authority and the approval authority are the same organization, which leads to no restriction of power; in terms of management philosophy, national or collective interests are above all else, and individual interests are sometimes sacrificed; in terms of management process, there is much room for discretion and the selection process is yet to be standardized; in terms of management methods, the means of supervision and restriction are single, and management needs to be optimized. Suggestions: sport administration departments should gradually hand over the necessary administration power to sports associations and China Olympic Committee, and is only responsible for supervision, audit and political investigation; strictly prohibit interest exchange in game entry qualification, and rule by law rather than by man so as to protect athletes’ legal rights and interests; build a standardized management process and clarify the selection standards, procedures and the rights of selection authority to improve the management efficiency; improve the internal relief mechanism, and allow the judiciary to intervene moderately to improve the level of protection and relief of athletes’ rights. Related Articles | Metrics

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Dialogue on New Issues in Sports Communication Research and Education:Review of the 5th International Conference on Sports Communication 2019 PAN Hongyan, LIU Beili 2020, 46 (2):  20-27.  doi: 10.15942/j.jcsu.2020.02.005 Abstract ( 920 )   PDF (1174KB) ( 688 )   Save Facing the new problems in the research of sports news communication and the new challenges in the education of sports news communication, 21 experts and scholars from 15 universities, research institutions and industries at home and abroad attended the 5th International Conference on Sports Communication in Chengdu Sports Institute in November 2019. This paper gives a summary of the five themes of the conference: “new pattern of China's sports news communication industry”, “historical memory and sports culture in the internet era”, “change and development of Olympic communication and marketing”, “sports news ethics, conflicts and new trends under the media integration”, and “sports news communication education and sports communication professionalism”. Related Articles | Metrics

SPORTS SOCIAL SCIENCE

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Study on Wrestling in the Shang Dynasty Based on Oracle Characters and Oracle Inscriptions LU Jinfeng 2020, 46 (2):  28-33.  doi: 10.15942/j.jcsu.2020.02.006 Abstract ( 1461 )   PDF (1334KB) ( 749 )   Save This present paper aims to explore how wrestling took shape in the Shang Dynasty by examining oracle characters and oracle inscriptions. Major findings: Chinese wrestling first occurred in the Yin and Shang periods, which was called as “Dou” at the time. “Dou” means two persons wrestling unarmed, thus having the property of attack and confrontation; the “Dou” activities that the kings and nobility of the Shang Dynasty participated in, as recorded in the oracle inscriptions, were the main content of initial armed activities. During the Western Zhou Dynasty,wrestling, then called as “Jue” due to the influence of territorial change and dialects,became one of the most important parts in official lectures on armed activities. After Qin reunified the country, it was called “Juedi” and became the only content of official lectures on armed activities. Though the name of wrestling changed over time from the late Shang Dynasty through the Western Zhou Dynasty to the Qin Dynasty, its form and content stayed unchanged. In terms of time span, “Dou” first occurred in the late Shang Dynasty, 1000 years earlier than “Juedi”during the Qin Dynasty, therefore, we may conclude that the origin of wrestling in China can date back to the late Shang Dynasty of over 3300 years ago. Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on the Construction of Ecological Risk Assessment System for Large-scale Sports Events in Host City LIANG Bo, LI Wei, LI Junfeng 2020, 46 (2):  34-41.  doi: 10.15942/j.jcsu.2020.02.007 Abstract ( 835 )   PDF (2306KB) ( 722 )   Save Large-scale sports events can create good social and economic benefits for urban development, they may also bring risks to the urban ecological environment to a certain extent though. Using the methods of literature, expert survey, and analytic hierarchy analysis, this present paper analyzes the types of ecological risks, risk sources and risk suffers related to large-scale sports events in host cities, and constructs an ecological risk assessment system consisting of 4 first-level indicators, 14 second-level indicators, and 40 third-level indicators. The results show that the ecological risk types of large-scale sports events in host cities are mainly divided into ecological imbalance risk, ecological space occupation risk, environmental pollution cumulative concentration outbreak risk, resource and energy disordered excessive consumption risk; ecological environmental indicator is the primary factor that causes urban ecological risk, urban ecological space indicator the second factor, and ecological population and energy resources indicator the third and the fourth factor respectively. The results suggest that in the process of undertaking large-scale sports events, we must first strengthen the prevention and control of urban ecological environment pollution; secondly, we must do a good job in urban construction planning to prevent the deprivation and coercion of urban ecological space and ecological environment; and next reasonably control the size of migrant population; finally, we must improve the residents' environmental awareness to build an ecological and social action system involving the whole population. Related Articles | Metrics

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Freedom, Aesthetics and Education: the Three Fundamental Values of Sports CHEN Ye, LI Yu 2020, 46 (2):  42-48.  doi: 10.15942/j.jcsu.2020.02.008 Abstract ( 1519 )   PDF (1155KB) ( 682 )   Save The value pursuit of sports is a meta-attribute of sports ethics, and it aims to pursue “the best” of sports. “The best” of sports is to achieve the free state of the body and freedom is the highest value of sports. The pursuit for the free state of the body in sports can be achieved through aesthetic and educational activities. Therefore, the content of the basic value pursuit of sports includes its highest value pursuit-freedom, and two basic value pursuits-aesthetics and education. Clarifying the three fundamental values of sports can form the three attribute standards of sports ethics: “body”, “freedom”, and “free aesthetic education”. It can also distinguish sports from other social activities. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Court of Arbitration for Sport’s Review on Rules and Decisions by Sports Governing Bodies: The Case of Eligibility Disputes over Russian Athletes’ Participation in the 2018 Pyeongchang Winter Olympics LI Ruizhi, GUO Shuli 2020, 46 (2):  49-56.  doi: 10.15942/j.jcsu.2020.02.009 Abstract ( 1436 )   PDF (1186KB) ( 535 )   Save The massive doping problems in Russia caused a series of consequences. Because of the suspension on the Russian Olympic Committee by the International Olympic Committee (IOC), Russian athletes must go through a specially established IOC invitation procedure to participate in the Pyeongchang Winter Olympics. Upon review, the Ad Hoc Division at the Pyeongchang Winter Olympic Games of the Arbitration Court for Sport (CAS AHD) found that the procedure has a legal basis and had been properly implemented. However, the procedure actually sets up a special eligibility rule: Russian athletes who had been found to commit an Anti-Doping Rule Violation were not eligible to participate in the Pyeongchang Winter Olympics. The rule, however, might have violated the legal principle of ne bis in idem. Nevertheless, CAS AHD failed to fully exercise its power of abstract review, resulting in failure to provide proper remedies for Russian athletes. Sports governing bodies should carefully exercise their autonomy in rule-making and decision-making, and fully consider the legitimacy and rationality of rules and decisions. In addition, China's existing external review mechanism for decisions and rules made by sports governing bodies has the defects of homogenization and lack of independence, and is not conducive to the protection of athletes' rights and interests. Therefore, an operational sports arbitration system should be established as soon as possible. Related Articles | Metrics

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Reflections on Chinese National Traditional Sports’ Application for World Intangible Cultural Heritage Listing XIN Shuangshuang 2020, 46 (2):  57-61.  doi: 10.15942/j.jcsu.2020.02.010 Abstract ( 1485 )   PDF (1133KB) ( 644 )   Save Along with the transition of traditional society into modern society, the development of Chinese national traditional sports inevitably faces survival pressure. As a result, the national traditional sports, driven by the motive to carry forward and develop national traditional culture, are seeking cultural protection by applying for world intangible cultural heritage listing. Some local governments have joined in the endeavor and become the leading force. It is true that the active participation of national traditional sports in intangible cultural heritage activities has helped, to a certain extent, to promote the development of national traditional sports. However, in accordance with the state policy of “limiting the number of applications while strengthening protection endeavor”, the national traditional sports should stay calm to avoid the overheated act of applying for intangible cultural heritage listing, maintain cultural stability in the process of inheritance and protection, and have cultural confidence in innovative development. Related Articles | Metrics

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Predictive Study on COVID-19 Effects of Sports Industry WANG Yalun, LIU Yang, WU Jue 2020, 46 (2):  62-69.  doi: 10.15942/j.jcsu.2020.02.011 Abstract ( 3048 )   PDF (1172KB) ( 1124 )   Save In the spring of2020, COVID-19 has being spread in China with a high speed, which made a dramatic negative influence on livelihood and economy in China. By comparing the situation during SARS in 2003, the study, using questionnaires and interviews on part of chairmen of sports industry, predicted that COVID-19 wouldhave more profoundnegative influence on sports industry, especially, economy with respect to sports service than SARS. In the short term, the revenue of sports companies is predicted to decline greatly in the first quarter and the half year of 2020. The reasons are postponing time back to work after lunar new year, decline of the rate of employees backing to work, suspendingin manufactures and sports service,restricts on exporting of OEM sports products and so on. Problems in cash flow would make a dramatic influence for sports service concerning companies. Right after the control of COVID-19, potential explosive increase in sports need and sports consumption would promote the recovery of sports industry. The duration of conoavirus explosion and bailout policies would affect the degree of the influence. In the long term, high quality development-trend of sports industry won’t be changed, optimization and reorganization would be speed up and traditional composition would be changed in sports industry field. As for sports companies, the pace of upgrade and reconstruction,digital management, and innovation on sports products and service would be promoted. Related Articles | Metrics

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The International Sport Climbing Competition Pattern under the Background of Tokyo Olympic Games and the Strategy of Improving China's Competitive Strength LI Yuan, TIAN Bingbing 2020, 46 (2):  70-77.  doi: 10.15942/j.jcsu.2020.02.012 Abstract ( 1463 )   PDF (1475KB) ( 735 )   Save Under the background of sport climbing being accepted as an event of the Olympic Games, the Youth Olympic Games, the Asian Games and the National Games in 2016-2017, this present paper explores, by means of mathematical statistics and comparative analysis, the current world sport climbing competition pattern with reference to the origin and development of sport climbing and sport climbing competition results in World Championships. The results show that: (1) the overall competitive strength of sport climbing is unequally distributed in different regions, with Europe taking obvious advantage, Asia rising rapidly, and the Americas slowly increasing in individual disciplines, presenting a diversified competition pattern. (2) Currently, the overall competition pattern can be divided into four groups: Russia and France are taking the lead in terms of overall competitive strength; Slovenia and Japan are more prominent in some disciplines; Switzerland, Spain and China are in the third group. The remaining countries that have not achieved any breakthrough of medals and have great development potential are collectively referred to as the fourth group. (3) Although China has made great progress in competitive strength of sport climbing in recent years, it has still a certain gap with the international sport climbing powers. Suggestions: Carefully analyze the current international climbing competition pattern, strengthen the understanding of international competition rules, strengthen international exchanges, pay attention to the construction of reserve echelon, rationalize the team structure, improve the competition mechanism so as to promote the improvement of China's competitive strength. Related Articles | Metrics

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Immersive Interaction Model: Qualitative Study of the Flow Experience Mechanism of Ski Consumption WENG Yin, LI Ling 2020, 46 (2):  78-84.  doi: 10.15942/j.jcsu.2020.02.013 Abstract ( 1458 )   PDF (1365KB) ( 664 )   Save Stimulating the growth of ski consumption and promoting the development of the ski industry is a hot topic today. This study introduces the theory of flow experience and flow experience mechanism, and explores the psychological characteristics of ski consumption and the psychological model of sustainable ski consumption. From the perspective of micro-consumption psychology, this paper constructed a theoretical model of the flow experience mechanism of ski consumption by comprehensively using the theory of grounded theoretical research methods, interview techniques that combine in-depth interview and focus group interview, the logic analysis process of “three-level interpretation”. The results show that this study extracted 102 concepts, 36 categories and 4 main categories of the flow experience mechanism of ski consumption, and constructed the qualitative model of “immersion interaction mechanism”based on the theory of rooted theory. On this basis, in order to improve the theoretical reliability of this research, the model identification and comparative analysis is used to test the innovation and scientificity of this qualitative model. It is hoped that this research can provide a theoretical reference for the sustainable development of the ski industry. Related Articles | Metrics

PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND TRAINING

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Research on Development of Standard-based Quality Assessment and Certification System for Pre-service Physical Education Teachers YIN Zhihua, WANG Xiaozan, SUN Mingzhu 2020, 46 (2):  85-92.  doi: 10.15942/j.jcsu.2020.02.014 Abstract ( 1540 )   PDF (1169KB) ( 822 )   Save Based on the background of teacher education program certification and the pre-service physical education teachers professional standards which were constructed earlier, this study developed a standard-based pre-service physical education teacher quality assessment and certification system. Research results show that the purpose of certification system is to evaluate the performance of pre-service physical education teachers in three aspects: professionalism, professional knowledge and professional practice. The certification system includes certification indicators and implementation procedures. Certification indicators include task-oriented analytical rubrics and assessment material requirements. The rubrics cover six compulsory indicator clusters and two selective indicator clusters, as well as the corresponding sub-indicators and three performance levels. The assessment material requirements also include six materials, two free-choice materials and corresponding background materials. The implementation of evaluation and certification includes six steps. The certification system can ensure the acceptable quality of pre-service physical education teachers, to adjust the training structure of pre-service physical education teachers, and to supervise the training of pre-service physical education teachers from outside. In the future application process, we should pay attention to the recycling of the certification system, give full play to the feedback function of the certification results, and improve the quality of talent training according to the certification. Related Articles | Metrics

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Load Quantization in Soccer Match:Structure, Methods and Characteristics MIAO Lv, SHI Guosheng, LI Yongming 2020, 46 (2):  93-99.  doi: 10.15942/j.jcsu.2020.02.015 Abstract ( 2728 )   PDF (1594KB) ( 863 )   Save Soccer match load is the sum of physical, physiological and psychological stimuli that a player bears in performing various actions in the match. The quantitative structure of match load is divided into external and internal load. The methods of quantifying external load include artificial video analysis technology, automatic trajectory tracking technology, and global positioning equipment. The load or intensity of a player’s physical strength or technical performance is used to evaluate the characteristics of his/her behavior and activity in soccer match. External load is mainly characterized by intermittent activities with changing directions and short distance running with changing velocity, and higher proportion of mid to low-intensity ball-free running combined lower proportion of high-intensity running with the ball. The methods of quantifying internal load include measurement of oxygen consumption, heart rate and blood lactic acid, and the changes in the above indicators are used to assess the energy metabolism level of players in soccer matches. Internal load is mainly characterized by aerobic energy supply together with alteration of anaerobic phosphate and glycolytic energy supply. The limitations of existing research are that the external load underestimates the impact of the changes of direction on the load of players in soccer match, and the internal load cannot summarize the energy supply characteristics in formal match. In the future, we can try to combine the internal and external load through optimizing quantization method to quantify the match load more accurately. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Mechanism, Characteristics and Application of Complex Training Based on Dynamic Perspective WANG Yinhui 2020, 46 (2):  100-106.  doi: 10.15942/j.jcsu.2020.02.016 Abstract ( 1419 )   PDF (1820KB) ( 719 )   Save By analyzing the literature of strength training at home and abroad from the perspective of dynamics, this paper summarizes the principles of using compound strength training methods under different conditions. Research shows that the maximum strength training can effectively improve the output power and performance of athletes, but its effect decreases with the increase of strength level; when the strength level reaches a certain degree, it is more effective to arrange the strength training reasonably to improve the performance; compound training can make the corresponding part of the force-velocity curve develop in an all-round way; compound training is often used in the strength reserve phase, the pre-season phase or the “PAP warm-up program” to improve sports performance. Because of the difficulty of PAP “window period” detection and individual differences, the requirements of training conditions are also high. Conclusion: The maximum strength training should be carried out throughout the strength training plan and should be emphasized when the strength level is low; the compound training can ensure the speed requirements of special movements while improving the strength level, and its efficiency is more advantageous than the traditional strength training although the operation is more difficult. In practice, it should be considered comprehensively according to the individual differences of athletes, project differences, preparation stages. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on the Theory Construction and Application of Sport Season Teaching Mode GAO Hang, GAO Rong, GAO Lang 2020, 46 (2):  107-113.  doi: 10.15942/j.jcsu.2020.02.0017 Abstract ( 1502 )   PDF (1244KB) ( 713 )   Save In accordance with the general requirements of “Opinions on strengthening physical education in schools to promote the comprehensive development of students’ physical and mental health” , this present paper, based on the comprehensive application of large-unit sport season, in- and off-class activities, connection of technology instruction and competition instruction and strengthening physical training, conducted a study on improving sports education pattern, constructing a new sport season teaching mode, and analyzing the effect of promoting students' physical health through the methods of literature, logical analysis and experiment. It is concluded that the sport season teaching mode is reasonable in structure, optimized in method, and has good effect, which is beneficial to the implementation of “Opinions on strengthening physical education in schools to promote the comprehensive development of students’ physical and mental health” and the reform of physical education in schools.    Related Articles | Metrics

SPORTS SCIENCE OF HUMAN BODY

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Repeated Sprint Training in Hypoxia for Team Sport Athletes:Application and Research Progress QIU Junqiang 2020, 46 (2):  114-118.  doi: 10.15942/j.jcsu.2020.02.018 Abstract ( 1427 )   PDF (1133KB) ( 693 )   Save Repeated sprint training in hypoxia is a new variation of live low–train high, which has emerged in recent years and has been applied in some team projects. When athletes perform repeated sprint training in hypoxia, their body is subject to a stronger load stimulation, thus producing metabolic adaptations accordingly, which is conducive to improving the athlete's repeated sprint ability, intermittent aerobic capacity and fatigue index. Starting from the diversification of current plateau /hypoxic training methods, the article introduces the concept of repeated sprint training in hypoxia, its application in team projects, and the possible mechanism of improving sports performance. Studies have shown that the effectiveness of repeated sprint training in hypoxia may be related to suchfactors as improvement of oxygen utilization rate of sports muscles, improvement of creatine phosphate resynthesisability, and change of neuromuscular function. This article also examines the application prospects of repeated sprint training in hypoxia. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Influence of Different Exercise Commitments and Daily Exercise Behaviors on Short-term Emotional Benefits of Physical Exercise ZHANG Renren, LIU Ping, YANG Li, CHEN Qin, PAN Tengyuan 2020, 46 (2):  119-126.  doi: 10.15942/j.jcsu.2020.02.019 Abstract ( 1605 )   PDF (1178KB) ( 665 )   Save To explore whether and how different exercise commitment and daily exercise behavior levels can affect short-term emotional benefits of physical exercise. Methods: Sixty-two participants completed a 30-minute variable load run or walk on treadmill. Before exercise, the exercise commitment and daily exercise behavior data were collected and defined as high and low. The emotional state was monitored before, during and after the exercise, and the chi-square test was performed on the average frequency of the group. The final interview verification were taken into account. Results: The level of exercise commitment is high, the pleasure, vitality and flow are better during and after exercise, the anxiety before, during and after exercise is stronger; The level of exercise commitment is low, the vitality is better before exercise, but the fatigue is stronger during exercise; The level of daily exercise behavior is high, the pleasure is better before exercise, the depression is more frequent during exercise, the anxiety is stronger after exercise; The level of daily exercise behavior is low, the vitality and flow during exercise are better, the pleasure and flow are better after exercise, anxiety and depression are stronger before exercise, fatigue is stronger during and after exercise. Conclusion: Different exercise commitment and daily exercise behavior levels have a certain degree of influence on positive emotional experience and negative emotional feeling before,during and after physical exercise, and the impact on various emotional states is also different accordingly. Related Articles | Metrics