Table of Content

15 November 2017, Volume 43 Issue 6 Previous Issue    Next Issue

MONOGRAPHIC RESEARCH-SPORTS PSYCHOLOGY

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Research Focus, Evolution and Trend ofSports Violence in China SHI Yan, GAO Zhen 2017, 43 (6):  1-7.  doi: 10.15942/j.jcsu.2017.06.001 Abstract ( 2685 )   PDF (1118KB) ( 1810 )   Save Using the 142 articles on sports violence from CNKI (1987-2016) as data source, the present paper analyses the research focus, evolution and trend of sports violence through knowledge mapping. The results indicate that: the research focus of sports violence mainly include the field spectator violence in the field, athletes' aggression, football hooliganism, fans' turbulence and deviant behaviors; sports violence research has evolved from theoretical research of concept definitions and classifications to causes, influencing factors, coping strategies, and even to the historical origin and legal regulations; future research should discuss relevant issues from integrated perspective, explore the psychological mechanism behind sports violence through qualitative research and mathematical models, step up moral constraint on fan's behaviors, improve the law and regulation system, and strengthen the intervention of legal means into sports violence. Related Articles | Metrics

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Review of Psychological Effects of the Color Red in Competitive Sports HONG Xiaobin, QIN Jie, SHI Yan 2017, 43 (6):  8-13.  doi: 10.15942/j.jcsu.2017.06.002 Abstract ( 1342 )   PDF (1107KB) ( 1135 )   Save This paper reviews the advancements in red psychological effects in competitive sports both at home and abroad. The main conclusions: at present, research on red psychological effect in competitive sports mainly focuses on events like personal combat and confrontation in the same court, behavior observation results in both individual or team event are not consistent. So far, no definite conclusion has been arrived at about whether there is red win in sports competition, but the red-and- aggression link in individual combat events has been verified to some extent. Future research may focus on two aspects: first, whether in combat or confrontation events, research should combine with fatigue characteristics of competitive sports; second, research should take into consideration not only the opponent's cognitive evaluation of the effect of red uniforms, but also the cognitive and behavioral effects of red uniforms on the opponents. Related Articles | Metrics

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A Phenomenological Study on the Emotional Experience of College Students in Marathon Run YANG Jian, YANG Shuhong 2017, 43 (6):  14-20.  doi: 10.15942/j.jcsu.2017.06.003 Abstract ( 2008 )   PDF (1108KB) ( 1720 )   Save Taking as subjects 25 college students who participate in marathon run, the present paper studied through phenomenological method their emotional experience in marathon run, aiming to reveal their phenomenological experience of pursuing achievements and its significance for them. Conclusions: (1) The emotional experience of marathon run is divided into three stages: pre-run stage, running stage and post-run stage. The self-representation of emotional experience in the pre-run stage mainly manifests as excitement and tension, that in the running stage the hit-the-wall period and sense of flow, and that in the post-run stage relaxation and sense of accomplishment. (2) The emotional experience in the pre-run stage manifests as excitement, expectation, worry, nervousness, etc; that in the running stage positive experience, separation and reflection, distortion of time experience, game of persistence and abandonment, experience of flow, success in challenge; that in the post-run stage the bittersweet experience and personal growth experience. (3) The emotional experience in the running stage is more complex and changeable, and is the core stage of emotional experience. The description of emotional experience in the post-run stage is similar to that in the pre-run stage, while the degree of emotional experience is stronger than that in the pre-run stage. The themes of the three stages are not completely independent, but are interconnected as a unity. Related Articles | Metrics

SPORTS HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES

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Does the Sports Goods Industry in China Have Productivity Paradox?——Based on the Data of Sports Goods Manufacturing Enterprises MA Yiqun 2017, 43 (6):  21-26.  doi: 10.15942/j.jcsu.2017.06.004 Abstract ( 1487 )   PDF (1107KB) ( 1183 )   Save "Productivity paradox"has become a hot topic. The paper first examined the "productivity paradox" of sports goods enterprises in China by statistics and quantitative methods, finding that the "self-selection effect" of sports goods enterprises is negative, and the empirical results support the statement that there is "productivity paradox" in sports goods export enterprises, i.e. the productivity of sports goods export enterprises is lower than that of non-export enterprises. Then the paper examined the impact of the productivity of sports goods enterprises on export scale, finding that productivity, output and profitability have an important impact on export scale. Finally the paper analyzed the reasons why there is "productivity paradox" in sports goods enterprises, and proposed some enlightenment form the above findings. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research and Enlightenment of the US National Physical Activity Plan (2016-2020) YUE Jianjun, GAO Sheng, JIANG Xianjun 2017, 43 (6):  27-33.  doi: 10.15942/j.jcsu.2017.06.005 Abstract ( 2501 )   PDF (1117KB) ( 1427 )   Save To study the problem construction, agenda setting, formation and legalization of the US National Physical Activity Plan (2016-2020) and compare it with the Chinese Plan, aiming to provide a reference for China's national fitness program. Compared with the plan of the previous cycle, the 2016-2020 US Plan pays more attention to the value of evaluation, planning of physical activity promotion project, states' flexibility of promoting and managing physical activity, and taking the promotion of physical activity in communities as the key; problem construction model has transformed from the ecological model of health behavior to the social ecological model; taking full advantage of experts and scholars as well as professionals from social organizations, agenda-setting screens from the perspective of social problem construction policy issues as "candidates" for government's decision-making. The plan, formed through mutual consultation and systematic coordination, was more targeted, concrete, and systemic. The legalization of the plan lies in its emphasis on the involvement of heads of social organizations and masses, subjectivity of professionals from social organizations and their function of bridging the subjects inside and outside the system. Learning the experience in the US National Physical Activity Plan can provide both reference and enlightenment for China to implement and evaluate its "National Fitness Plan" and conduct national fitness governance. Related Articles | Metrics

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Communitarianism Metaphor and Rational Thinking of Marathon Phenomenon in China WANG Junli, YANG Jiakun 2017, 43 (6):  34-38.  doi: 10.15942/j.jcsu.2017.06.006 Abstract ( 1484 )   PDF (1087KB) ( 1248 )   Save Recent years have witnessed people's enthusiasm for marathon in China and this reveals that the extension of elite sports into mass sports. As an epic of modern sport, marathon is a metaphor for the communitarian values such as communal interests, fairness, justice and virtue. Although marathon is an exhibition platform for group value and self-value, and participating in marathon is a way to identify and pursue community value, the booming of marathon implies a tendency to pursue interests irrationally. The game should retain its nature as a sports game, functioning as an arena for the interaction of body and mind for both groups and individuals. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on the Spatio-temporal Behavior Characteristics and Differences of Leisure Sports of Residents in Shanghai JIN Yinri, FAN Xudong 2017, 43 (6):  39-44.  doi: 10.15942/j.jcsu.2017.06.007 Abstract ( 1522 )   PDF (1104KB) ( 1162 )   Save This study aims to analyze the characteristics and differences of urban residents' leisure sports spatio-temporal behavior so as to understand their different levels of leisure sports behavior and needs. In terms of leisure sports behavior characteristics, residents of different types in Shanghai present various characteristics in space, time and consumption level, and difference in choice of leisure sports behavior modes. but also showing sports and leisure needs differentiation.Under the background of promoting equalization of public sports services, it is necessary to change the way of service supply, give full consideration to residents'diverse and different leisure sports needs, and improve the effectiveness of sports service space supply. Related Articles | Metrics

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Physical Exercise, Body Movement and Physical Activity——A Logical Deduction Based on Mental Bodily Movements YANG Chunyuan, ZHAO Laian, FAN Jiayin, PAN Lingyun 2017, 43 (6):  45-51.  doi: 10.15942/j.jcsu.2017.06.008 Abstract ( 1783 )   PDF (1106KB) ( 1073 )   Save The cognition of basic sports means and conceptsnot only relates to scientific research of sports theory, also involves people's daily sports activities. While the misuse of relevant conceptsin reality not only hinders the in-depth discussion of theories, but also cause confusion to academic exchanges. Therefore, clarifyingmisunderstanding of concepts andmaking clear the logical relations between concepts are of great significance in both theory and practice to perfect the concept system of sports discipline, promote academic research, and give proper guidance to sports practice. Using the principle of dialectics and literature review and taking Hegel's theory on development of consciousness in his writing "Phenomenology of Mind"asa guidance, this paper makes an in-depth study on the development law of the physicalexercise, physical exercise, physical activity concepts, aiming to make clear the relationships and differences between them. Findings: genetically, the three concepts are in a linear logical relation from spontaneity through self being to absolute freedom; in theory and practice, the nature and characteristics of the three basic means gradually become clear, they form their own relationship with sports respectively and interprets sports connotationfrom different angles. Related Articles | Metrics

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Ceremony,Memory and Identity: A Studyon the Body Movement in San Gong Xia Shui Cao GUO Xuesong, WANG Boyu, YANG Haichen, CHEN Ping, LIU Mingyun 2017, 43 (6):  52-57.  doi: 10.15942/j.jcsu.2017.06.009 Abstract ( 1663 )   PDF (1586KB) ( 1222 )   Save Based on the samples of body movements in the San Gong Xia Shui Cao in Guitang Village in Fujian, the present paper explored the logic among historical memory, body movement and ethnic identity by using text analysis and field investigation and integrating Turner's theory of ceremony and theory of ethnic group. The study shows that performance of body movement in rural society ceremony has the important function of retaining and transferring historical memory; in the field of body movement displaying historical memory, original historical memory outlines the diversified origin of folk sports culture, constructive historical memory strengthens ethnic identity, and the structure and anti-structure of historical memory in reality sublimates the symbolic connotation of body movement; the logic connection among historical memory, body movement and ethnic identity is constructed in the field of historical scene reproduction. Related Articles | Metrics

SPORTS TRAINING AND COMPETITION

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Physiological Mechanism, Influencing Factors and Application Strategies of Postactivation Potentiation LIU Ruidong, LI Qing 2017, 43 (6):  58-64.  doi: 10.15942/j.jcsu.2017.06.010 Abstract ( 1475 )   PDF (1169KB) ( 1296 )   Save This present study reviews relevant studies on postactivation potentiation (PAP), aiming to clarify the physiological mechanism of PAP,and elucidate the key factors that influence PAP in the hope of exploring the best strategy to induce PAP and providing some reference for the application of PAP. It was found that the mechanism of PAP mainly includes phosphorylation of myosin regulatory light chains, increase of high level motor units in nerve system mobilization and change of pinnation angle at time of muscle contraction. Factors affecting the PAP effect include age and sex, muscle fiber types, muscle length, training status, strength level and muscle activation form, etc. Among them, age is in an reverse "U" shape relationship with PAP; PAP of male is higher than that of female for Type II muscle fibre in male is higher than that in female; the higher the training level and the strength level, the stronger the PAP effect; the current form of PAP activation mainly includes static MVC practice and complex training. Although PAP is affected by many factors, it is still possible to activate PAP to the full extent by choosing the most appropriate induction practice for different athletes and maintaining a balance between between PAP and fatigue. Related Articles | Metrics

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Knowledge Map-based Visualization Analysis of Speed Skating in China LIU Jiangshan, ZHANG Qingwen, TAI Chongxi, ZHAO Shengguo, SONG Liang 2017, 43 (6):  65-72.  doi: 10.15942/j.jcsu.2017.06.011 Abstract ( 1697 )   PDF (2239KB) ( 1266 )   Save to understand the research status of Chinese speed skating, the present paper took the 1997-2016speed skating research literature collected from China National Knowledge Internet (CNKI) as research object to drawthrough CitespaceIII statistical software and analyze the visualization knowledge maps of speed ice skating. The results show that number of research literature on speed skating was in a decreasing trend,the number of relevant researchers and institutions was quite limited and the research was only conducted in a few provinces and municipalities; physical training, technical training, speed skating talents cultivation and speed skating teaching are the three most-studied topics;studies on "competitive sports" and "Winter Olympics"areat the frontiers; "students-beginners- excellent athletes-training methods-strength training-adolescent-speed and pace-characteristics of muscle power exertion- surface EMG-energy supply pattern"constitutes the evolution line of speed skating research in the past 20 years; in addition, research on "roller skating" will be the new focusin the future. Related Articles | Metrics

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Optimal Selection of Resistance Mode During Different Length of Time (within 1 min) Riding and the Relationship of Power and Heart Rate Variation Characteristic BI Xuecui, ZHENG Xiaohong, YANG Hui 2017, 43 (6):  73-79.  doi: 10.15942/j.jcsu.2017.06.012 Abstract ( 1608 )   PDF (1449KB) ( 1307 )   Save Objective: Study the selection of different resistance patterns and the characteristics of power and heart rate change during different length of time (within 1min) riding, and provide the appropriate resistance model for cyclistin short-term riding training and competition. Methods: This study recruited eight cyclists from Beijing cycling team as the test subjects . We used the SRM Ergometer to test, used the Open End Test mode, the sampling frequency was set to 0.5 s, the power data accuracy was 1 w, and the speed test accuracy was 0.1 km / h. The damping coefficients were 9, 10 and 11, respectively. Cyclists ridded 5 s, 10 s, 30 s, 1 min in different resistance models. Results:(1) 5 s riding, there were 6 of 8 cyclists got the largest average power and total power in the 9-position resistance mode, 2 cyclists were in the 10 stall resistance mode. There was no correlation between power and heart rate (P> 0.05). (2) 10 s riding, there were 6 of 8 cyclists got the largest average power and total power in the 10 stall resistance mode, 2 cyclists were in the 11 stalls resistance mode. There was a high positive correlation between power and heart rate (P <0.01). (3) 30 s riding, there were 6 of 8 cyclists get the largest average power and total power in the 11 stall resistance mode,1 cyclist was in the 10 stall resistance mode, 1 cyclist was in the 9 stall resistance mode. There was a high negative correlation between power and heart rate (P <0.01). (4) 1 min riding, all cyclists got the largest average power and total power in the 11 stalls resistance mode. There was a high negative correlation between power and heart rate (P<0.01). Conclusion: (1) Cyclists ridded less than 1 min, the selected resistance mode is gradually increased with the the length of the ride increase, which is beneficial to the athletes to get the best sports performance. (2) Cyclists have a real-time consistency change when the heart rate does not change with the intensity of exercise within 1 min. The heart rate has some limitations on the monitoring of short-term high-intensity bicycle training. Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis on the Change of Usain Bolt's Competitive Features and State in Three Olympic Cycles LV Li 2017, 43 (6):  80-84.  doi: 10.15942/j.jcsu.2017.06.013 Abstract ( 1155 )   PDF (1670KB) ( 1216 )   Save By means of literature review, mathematical statistics, this paper, based on Usain Bolt's competitions during the period from January 1st, 2008 to December 31st , 2016 released by the International Association of Athletics Federation (IAAF), analyzed his competition results, numbers of competition and change of his competitive state. Research shows that: (1) Bolt's body mass index (BMI) is relatively small, and his weight is comparatively light, thus is conducive to his competition performance. Furthermore, his height, stride length and frequency were in perfect combination. When selecting Chinese track sprint athletes, we should pay attention to gait parameters and improving their stride length could be a breakthrough in their athletic performance. (2) Bolt's percentage of winning champions in 100m and 200m competitions was 80% and 93.33% respectively, and his percentage of being runners-up was 15.56% and 6.67% respectively. It demonstrated his competitive state was powerful and his mental quality was excellent. Therefore, targeting and training athletes' weakness and cultivating their mental quality of self-adjustment and self-encouragement are very crucial for them to achieve excellent competition results. (3) Bolt participated in more competitions in years of Summer Olympics and Track & Field World Championship, averaging about 8 to 9 times annually, and his competition intervals were generally multiples of 7 days. Arranging athletes' training intervals reasonably before important games and increasing their competition experience are essential to adjusting and improving their competitive states, and achieving excellent competition results. Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis on the Techniques and Tactics ofMa Long—Table Tennis Ball Men's SinglesChampion in the 2016 Rio Olympic Games WANG Zhuixin 2017, 43 (6):  85-91.  doi: 10.15942/j.jcsu.2017.06.014 Abstract ( 1467 )   PDF (2416KB) ( 1301 )   Save By means of video observation, four-segment technical index evaluation, mathematical statistics, this present paper analyzed Ma Long's techniques and tactics in 3 competitions at the 2016 Rio Olympic Games. Results show that in terms of his overall data, there were no obvious flaws in Ma Long's techniques and tactics, his overall strength was strong and his four-segment scoring rate was evaluated as good; in the third ball attack segment, his scoring rate in 3 competitions was evaluated as "2 Excellents and 1 Good", his average utilization rate was evaluated as "Low", showing that his third ball attack performance was stable, while his quality was yet to improve; in the service return attack segment, Ma Long scored high. He used a variety of techniques and was active, the placement of return was reasonable; in the stalemate segment, when his scoring rate in stalemate phase I and phase 2 and utilization rate were high, he scored high too, and in the whole stalemate segment, Ma Long's use of forehand and backhand technique was well-balanced, exhibiting his strong stability. Related Articles | Metrics

SPORTS SCIENCE OF HUMAN BODY

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Characteristic Analysis of Changes of Energy Expenditure,Fat Energy Supply and Other Related Parameters during both Uphill Brisk Walking and Jogging CHEN Wan, ZHANG Yi, WANG Haining, LI Huanping, WANG Linfang, GE Xinfa 2017, 43 (6):  92-97.  doi: 10.15942/j.jcsu.2017.06.015 Abstract ( 1420 )   PDF (1342KB) ( 1182 )   Save Objective: To study the changes of oxygen uptake, HR,energy expenditure, RPE, Tc (core temperature, Tc), SF (stride frequency, SF) and other related physiological parameters in real-time during uphill brisk walking and uphill jogging with the same speed. Method: 10 healthy males (20-25 yrs old) were randomly selected as subjects to fulfill both uphill brisk walking and jogging (treadmill speed: 6.4km/h, gradient: 10%, time duration: 40min) in the experiment. MOXUS gas analysis system and core temperature detection system were used to collect physiological parameters in real time. Result: (1) After 20min, the percentage of maximum oxygen uptake (%VO2max) of uphill jogging group (UJG) was higher than that of uphill brisk walking group (UBWG) (P<0.05). (2) After 25min, the HR of UJG was higher than that of UBWG (P<0.05). (3) After 20min, the Tc of uphill jogging group was higher than uphill brisk walking group (P<0.05), at 25min (P<0.01). (4) In UJG, %VO2max at both 35min and 40min were higher than that at 10min (P<0.05); Otherwise there was no such changes in UBWG (P>0.05). Conclusion: (1) Cardiopulmonary reaction and energy expenditure of UJG are more intense than those of UBWG. These differences could result from the higher stride frequency in UBWG . (2) The increase of Tc of UJG is higher than that of UBWG. The difference could result from higher levels of exercise intensity and energy expenditure of UJG.(3)During the 40min UJG and UBWG exercise, carbohydrates consumption was the same, but the fat consumption was higher in UJG. Related Articles | Metrics

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A Study of Brain Plasticity of Small-Ball Players Based on ReHo Method TAO Zhongping, GAO Qing, YU Yi, CHEN Huafu 2017, 43 (6):  98-102.  doi: 10.15942/j.jcsu.2017.06.016 Abstract ( 1344 )   PDF (1304KB) ( 1143 )   Save Objective: To explore the plasticity of brain activity of small-ball players in resting state using regional homogeneity (ReHo). Methods: Recruited small-ball student athletes and matched control people, collected resting-stated functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data, and calculated Reho indicators of cerebral regional homogeneity. Results: Athletes had higher ReHo values in left anterior cingulate cortex, insula, thalamus and vermis as compared with control group. These cerebral regions are important knots of autonomic neural circuit responsible for cardiovascular adjustment and feedback. Conclusion: The improvement of ReHo values in the autonomic neural circuit suggests that there is a more effective automatic neural circuit which helps improve perception, concentration, movement planning and fast responses in high-paced small-ball games. Related Articles | Metrics

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Experimental Research on the Effect of Different Frequency Vibration Stimulationon Volleyball Player's Strength and Balance Ability DU Wenya, SUN Yueying, GAO Feng, YAN Guiping, ZHUANG Jiancai 2017, 43 (6):  103-108.  doi: 10.15942/j.jcsu.2017.06.017 Abstract ( 1171 )   PDF (1105KB) ( 1160 )   Save Objective: applied vibration stimulation of different frequencies to volleyball athletes in a 9-week strength training and analyzed which frequency is better in improving athletes' strength and balance ability. Methods: randomly divided subjects into control group, 30 Hz group and 45 Hz group, tested pedaling and stretching peak force through 3 dimensional dynamometer before and after the experiment, and tested balance ability through balance tester. Result: The peak force of experiment group was better than that of control group, the test data of 45 Hz group was significantly better than that of 30 Hz group; in terms of relative impulse, there was no significant difference in running take-off between 30 Hz group and control group, all the indicators in experiment group were significantly different as compared with control group and the test data of 45 Hz group were better than 30 Hz group; in balance ability test, the difference between experiment group and control group was dramatic, 45 Hz group was better than 30 Hz group except left lower limb's balance ability in X-axis direction. Conclusion: The vibration stimulation has positive effect on athletes' strength and balance ability, 45 Hz vibration stimulation is better than 30 Hz vibration stimulation in improving athletes' strength and balance ability. Related Articles | Metrics

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A Biomechanical Analysis of Back Somersault with 3 Twists and 3/2 Twists to Landing in Floor Exercise XIAO Xiaofei, HAO Weiya 2017, 43 (6):  109-114.  doi: 10.15942/j.jcsu.2017.06.018 Abstract ( 1329 )   PDF (1396KB) ( 1555 )   Save Both high difficulty and high quality movements, especially series of such movements are encouraged by the new gymnastics rules. This present paper collected by means of 3D video analysis kinematic data of back somersault with three twists and 3/2 twists in competitions, and then reproduced the actual movements through modelling simulation for an analysis of the key kinematic and kinetic features of landing. The results showed the athletes successfully completed the series of actions and landed steadily. An excellent body posture angle during the first landing contributed to a quick brake and take-off. Muscles of knee and hip joint were the played a major role in resisting the impact force. In addition, body rotation continued after landing. As a result, loading on the two lower limbs was significantly different, and this may pose a high injury risk. During the second landing, the body posture angle was smaller, but it was not conducive to landing stability. The athletes had excellent control ability and maintained balance with greater knee flexion and thus kept standing successfully. Related Articles | Metrics

PHYSICAL EDUCATION

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On Establishment of Diversified Relief Model for Campus Sports Injury ZHAO Yi, WANG Yang 2017, 43 (6):  115-120.  doi: 10.15942/j.jcsu.2017.06.019 Abstract ( 1483 )   PDF (1175KB) ( 1156 )   Save The existing relief model for campus sports injury faces the challenge of failing to respond to actual problems effectively, as it is judicial in nature and has some weaknesses. Based on an evaluation of its weaknesses, new de-judicial relief models have emerged in Shanghai, China and Japan, in which social security funds play an important role. In view of the practical situations in most areas in China, a diversified relief model for sports injury should be formulated, which can combine the advantages of both the Shanghai model and the Japanese model, and that of tort law relief, social security funds and insurance. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Development, Features and Enlightenment of School Physical Education in Finland ZENG Yushan, WANG Jian 2017, 43 (6):  121-126.  doi: 10.15942/j.jcsu.2017.06.020 Abstract ( 1969 )   PDF (1105KB) ( 1175 )   Save In recent years, Finnish students demonstrated excellent academic performance in the Program for International Student Assessment (PISA). As a result, the basic education system in Finland has drawn the world's attention. The excellent performance of Finnish studentsis attributed to various factors. Physical education, an important aspect of school education in Finland, is believed to be one of the factors to the success of basic education. By means of literature review, logical analysis and comparative study, this paper reviewed the development of physical education curriculum in Finland from the perspective of physical education curriculum reform, and then summarized the primary features of physical education in Finland including promotion of the student-centeredconcept, emphasis on teachers' overall development, reasonable curriculum content, gender equality education, strong "trust culture" atmosphere, and information technologyorientation, Based on that, this paper discussed the enlightenment of physical education in Finland for the reform and development of school physical education in China, including implementing the concept of balanced allocation of resources, promoting the overall development of life education, enhancing physical education teachers' professional development, improving the content of physical education curriculum, constructing the trust culture of school physical education, and actively responding to information technology innovation. Related Articles | Metrics