Table of Content

15 November 2016, Volume 42 Issue 6 Previous Issue    Next Issue

SPECIAL CONTRIBUTION

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Application of Human Body Movement Patterns and Kinetic Chain in Sports Injury Prevention and Rehabilitation LIU Zhan 2016, 42 (6):  1-11.  doi: 10.15942/j.jcsu.2016.06.00 Abstract ( 2376 )   PDF (3018KB) ( 2596 )   Save The comprehensive and normal functions of human movement system are dependent upon the complex, complete, and normal body structures. In this paper, an attempt was made to introduce important concepts of human body movement patterns (FMP), and human movement chain (HMC) and its classifications as well as the applications of these concepts to sport injury prevention and rehabilitation. Based on a systematical review of previous studies, clinical evidences, and practical observations, the author of the paper proposes an evidence-based human self-function and regulation model for motor performance and sport rehabilitation. In addition, the author suggests that movement patterns (FMP) and movement chain are the fundamental structures and building blocks for a performer to carry out the amazing self-functions during motor skill performance. Fundamental movement patterns are also the cornerstone of motor and sport skill learning and development. Therefore, an in-depth understanding of the human movement patterns and human movement chain system will help teachers, coaches, and practitioners develop preventative and corrective methods for identification, recognition, and management of risk of injuries. Gaining such knowledge will also help them design and implement effective teaching, coaching, and clinical programs for skill development and injury prevention and rehabilitation. Related Articles | Metrics

RACEWALKING RESEARCH PROJECT

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A Multi-objective Programming Model-basedResearch on financing for Large Stadium PPP Projects YE Xiaosu, XU Wanrong,XU Qing 2016, 42 (6):  12-16.  doi: 10.15942/j.jcsu.2016.06.00 Abstract ( 892 )   PDF (1152KB) ( 1239 )   Save PPP now has become an important way to provide public goods and services. Financing of PPP is one of the key factors of public-private cooperation. The key stakeholders in public-private partnership project have shared and divergent financing targets. Therefore, this study, based on literature review and stakeholder theory, aims to analyze the goals of stakeholders -government, social investors, and the general public, and the structure of financing elements in large stadium PPP projects. This study also explores the best partnership for financing for stadium PPP projects through a multi-objective programming model-based comparison of the financing programs for a stadium in Chongqing, which are acceptable to all parties involved. Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis on the Mutually-aided Development of Large Stadiums/Gymnasiums and Sports Social Organizations ZHANG Wenliang,WANG Qiang,YANG Jintian,SONG Jingjing 2016, 42 (6):  17-22.  doi: 10.15942/j.jcsu.2016.06.00 Abstract ( 699 )   PDF (1109KB) ( 1111 )   Save By way of literature review and expert interview, this present paper studies the necessity and feasibility of promoting the mutually-aided development of large venues and sports social organization (sports non-profit organizations) and proposes that mutually-aided development is a new way to provide public sports services. The paper points out that: taking the opportunity of constructing basic public service system to implement mutually-aided development; raising government’s awareness to create favorable conditions for mutually-aided development; working out “awards for compensations” measures to stimulate mutually-aided development; sports venue associations giving full play to their guiding functions; sports federations at all levels giving full play to their organizing and coordinating functions; carrying out pilot experiments to accumulate experience and strategies of promoting mutually-aided development. Related Articles | Metrics

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Strategic Positioning, Market Transformation and the Operation Performance of Listed Sports Corporations in China——An Empirical Test Based on the Theory of “Strategic Triangle” Xu Fei 2016, 42 (6):  23-29.  doi: 10.15942/j.jcsu.2016.06.00 Abstract ( 876 )   PDF (1134KB) ( 996 )   Save Taking the sports corporations listed during the period from 2006 to 2015 as samples, the study conductedan empirical test on the relationship between these corporations’ operation performance and their strategic positioning as well as the influence of market transformation on their operation performance. The findingsindicated that: listed sports corporations in China have different strategic positionings. Grouping test showed that as compared with the period from 2011 to 2015, listed sports corporations had dramatic changes in advertising investment, R&D investment, and government aids during the period from 2006 to 2010. The empirical test showed that advertising strategy and R&D strategy have great influence on listed sports corporations’operation performance, while gray strategy’s influence is not significant; listed sports corporations’ strategic positioning is not clear; market transformation reduces the influence of strategies on their operation performance, while strategic substitutional effect after market transformation is still obvious. Related Articles | Metrics

SPORTS INDUSTRY

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Analysis of the Annual Training Load StructureCharacteristics in Liu Hong’s Preparation for the 2015 Beijing LAAF World Championships YANG Ming,LIANG Jingchao,WANG Di,SHI Jizu,TONG Tong,FU Lijuan 2016, 42 (6):  30-36.  doi: 10.15942/j.jcsu.2016.06.00 Abstract ( 704 )   PDF (2198KB) ( 1124 )   Save By way of literature review, mathematical statistics and tracking observation, the study aims to analyze Liu Hong’s annual training load structure characteristics in her preparations for the 2015 Beijing LAAF World Championships. The study found that Sandro Damilano-Liu Hong’s coach, used the “M” shape training theory as his guiding line for major world events preparations, and chose the World Championships Qualification and its final as major events in 2015 and made preparations for them. During the initial preparation stage, long distance aerobic training was arranged as the primary training, and was supplemented by anaerobic threshold training. During the specific preparation stage, long distance aerobic training remained arranged as the primary training, and was supplemented by max. VO2 training and lactic acid training. In Liu Hong’s preparations for the World Championships, two altitude trainings were arranged. One was held in November, 2014, aiming to strengthen Liu Hong’s ability of aerobic metabolism; and the other was held in July, 2015, aiming to stimulate Liu Hong’s body to develop better anti hypoxia ability. Liu Hong also participated in two non-key games as components of her training to improve her ability of anaerobic metabolism and to get prepared for heavy load training in the coming month. Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis on the Kinematic Features of Liu Hong’s Key Techniques for Race Walking JING Yan, LIU Jianguo, JIANG Chunjin, HUANG Li, WU Jiaxian, GAO Cong 2016, 42 (6):  37-43.  doi: 10.15942/j.jcsu.2016.06.00 Abstract ( 861 )   PDF (1676KB) ( 1054 )   Save By way of literature review, three dimensional photography, video analysis, the present paper studies the technical features of Liu Hong’s 20km race walking in the 2016 National Race Walking Grand Prix and Olympic Qualification Competition in the hope of providing reference for athletes’ competition in the Rio Olympic Games. The results show that Liu Hong’s techniques are standard and effective on the whole. Her techniques have the following features: her flight time span is within the fuzzy time limit, while her flight time at the sprint stage is far over the threshold value as a result of accelerating. Her head’s vertical motion is large, and both her knee angle and vertical knee joint angle are small while her swing leg is off the ground. The faster her center of gravity moves, the smaller her knee angle is. This makes her walking look more like “running”. Her landing technique meets the straight leg standard, and her “reverse bow” act during the vertical supporting phase is obvious. The effectiveness of Liu Hong’s techniques is as following: both her left and right step distance increase, it greatly changes the traditional style of “small step and high frequency”;but the left-and-right imbalance remains unchanged. The angle between the thighs is small, indicating that Liu Hong’s technique for hip propulsion is yet to be improved. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on Chen Ding’s Altitude Training and Monitoring Arrangement before the London Olympic Games DING Xiaoyun,DU Pengyuan,CHEN Ding,SUN Lian 2016, 42 (6):  44-51.  doi: 10.15942/j.jcsu.2016.06.00 Abstract ( 777 )   PDF (1229KB) ( 1093 )   Save This study through the literature material law, interview survey method, mathematical statistics method and inductive method and logic analysis, Chen was discussed from multiple perspectives for the London Olympic Games before the \"high in low practice\" mode of altitude training and monitoring arrangement, the study found: Chen altitude training plan time before the London games lasted 82 days, much longer than traditional pre-match training schedule. Each stage of training task clear, tight cohesion; Before the training program content mainly includes: physical stamina training, technical training, tactical training and recovery training four parts. Closely revolves around the Olympic Games the training content, physical training focus on basic athletic training and improving athletes, tactical training emphasis on practical, throughout the lesson focus time, highlights the importance of technical training; Attaches great importance to the grade of different intensity endurance training, diversification of means; Load arrangement is negatively related to the intensity of load and load training patterns; Before the basic within the normal range, physiological and biochemical index volatility is smaller. Can reflect the timely and effective training load, especially heavy load training after the body function condition, is advantageous to the coaches and scientific researchers to adjust athletes functional status. Related Articles | Metrics

SPORTS HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCE

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Challenges and Solutions for China’s Sports Diplomacy in the New Era of Public Diplomacy WANG Chunyan,XIAO Huanyu 2016, 42 (6):  52-59.  doi: 10.15942/j.jcsu.2016.06.00 Abstract ( 715 )   Save In the new era of public diplomacy after the 18th CPC National Congress, China’s sports diplomacy faces many challenges. On the diplomatic organizational level, systematic diplomacy organizational mechanism integrating the participation of the public and NGOs is yet to be built; on the diplomatic value level, public sports figures and “Made in China”elements are yet to be further highlighted; on the diplomatic surrounding level, the challenges from Western-dominated public opinions, which are transmitted through new media, intensified. Countermeasures: in practice, turn“action in isolation”into “action in a concerted way”to build systematic sports diplomacy system ; in foreign communication, turn“preaching unilaterally” into “telling good Chinese stories”to create a harmonious sports diplomacy environment; in image shaping, turn“stressing political and economic interests”into “stressing long-term development”to shape a positive image of sports diplomacy; in gesture, turn“responding in a passive way”to“guiding discourse actively”to demonstrate confidence. Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on the influenling factors residents’ participation in sports in Beijing Ma Jiangtao,Wu Guangliang,Li Shuwang,Song Xiaohong 2016, 42 (6):  60-66.  doi: 10.15942/j.jcsu.2016.06.00 Abstract ( 737 )   PDF (1132KB) ( 1150 )   Save The purpose of this study is to investigate the present situation of residents’ participation in sports activities in Beijing and analyze the influencing factors. Method of questionnaire is mainly used in this paper. The findings indicate that residents’ sports participation rate in Beijing is relatively high, but their quality of participation is not good enough. The percentage of people doing exerciseson a regular basis is not high either. The degree of participation is positively correlated to family’s exercise atmosphere, family’s support, recognition of the importance of exercise and exercise knowledge, and is negatively correlated to both educational level and income level. Related Articles | Metrics

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Body Awareness: the Thinking Motivation for Physical Education Development in Europe in the 17th and 18th Centuries YANG Haiqing 2016, 42 (6):  67-73.  doi: 10.15942/j.jcsu.2016.06.00 Abstract ( 1229 )   PDF (1129KB) ( 1385 )   Save European ideology of physical education, which has great influence on modern physical education thoughts, gradually formed in the 17th and 18th centuries, and sports at the time had already had the basic characteristics of modern sports. The present paper, using the methods of literature review and logic analysis and taking “the awakening of body” as the epistemological basis of and the thinking motivation for the development of physical education in Europe in the 17th and 18th centuries, makes a detailed analysis of the logical connection between the development of physical education ideology and the changes in body concepts in Europe in the 17th and 18th centuries with reference to the broad background of physical education and body awareness in Europe in the 17th and 18th centuries, and body enlightenment in the historical sense. The paper then explores the practice of body awareness in physical education in Europe in the 17th and 18th centuries. Body awareness, as the fundamental thinking motivation for the development of physical education, has everlasting and profound influence on the development of physical education in Europe in this period. The exploration of the thinking motivation for physical education development in Europe in the 17th and 18th centuries can help construct the history of physical education development in Europe. Related Articles | Metrics

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Study of Sport Awards in the Song Dynasty DAI Yu 2016, 42 (6):  74-78.  doi: 10.15942/j.jcsu.2016.06.00 Abstract ( 848 )   PDF (1113KB) ( 1124 )   Save Awards for popular sports games, such as sumo, surfing, kemari, boat racing and horse archery, in the Song Dynasty cover a wide variety of forms including currency, physical objects, or even official ranks. Awards for games like sumo, surfing, kemari, or boat racing, stress short-term incentive effect, while awards for horse archery are mostly awarding decrees or laws,stressing long-term incentive effect. This could be related to the military threats from the northern frontier. Different from the previous historical periods, awards for sports activities in the Song Dynasty take on some new features such as the expansion of awarding items, the standardization of awarding regulations and the use of paper currency. While catering to the life needs of practitioners, sports awards in the Song Dynasty promote the commercialization and marketization of sports activities. Stimulated by high rewards, games like sumo and boat racing take on the initial forms of modern commercial sports, thus pioneering sports marketization in China. Related Articles | Metrics

SPORTS TRAINING AND COMPETITION

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Study on the Growth Law and Victorious Factors of Women’sWeightlifting Champions’ Scores at the Olympics YANG Shiyong,　 CUI Wenpeng 2016, 42 (6):  79-83.  doi: 10.15942/j.jcsu.2016.06.00 Abstract ( 806 )   PDF (1114KB) ( 1080 )   Save By way of literature review, investigation, logical analysis and mathematical statistics, the paper studies the growth law of 32 women's weightlifting champions at the 27th to the 31st Olympics. The conclusion is as follows: The average age of the champions was 23.9士3.2 years old, and they had received training for 11.3士2.3 years on average before they won the championships; the coordinated development of strength and skills is the key factor to improve their performances, and excellent psychological quality and outstanding competitive ability are the key factors for them to win the games; the Whole Nation System and solid team construction are the material foundation of weightlifting elites cultivation, selecting and training talents in scientific way and improving athletes' competitive ability according to their competitive law are the basic requirements to win the games, and seizing the opportunities and applying skills and tactics accurately are the booster of their success; reasonable awards and retirement placement are the guarantee for the sustainable prosperity of weightlifting. Related Articles | Metrics

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Three Problems in Weightlifting: Belongings,Techniques and Tactics Zhang Jie, Liu Jianhe 2016, 42 (6):  84-89.  doi: 10.15942/j.jcsu.2016.06.00 Abstract ( 866 )   PDF (1121KB) ( 1254 )   Save To strengthen the fundamental theory of weightlifting, this present paper analyzes the belongings, techniques and tactics of weightlifting by way of literature review, investigation, statistics and logical analysis. The results show that: (1) Weightlifting does not have clear belongs. It should identify its superordinate category and develop itself through proper categorization; (2) Technical research is faced with certain limitations. It should break the limitation of current biomechanic research, namely, the instrumental orientation of biomechanic research. (3) The theory of tactics is weak and has the tendency of relying heavily on experiences. Therefore, the present paper explores the tactics applicable under different competing conditions. Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on the National Woman Kayak Athletes’Pre-competition Training Effect HE Jun, BAI Yang 2016, 42 (6):  90-94.  doi: 10.15942/j.jcsu.2016.06.00 Abstract ( 630 )   PDF (1375KB) ( 1087 )   Save Objective: To evaluate the validity of national woman kayak athletes’ pre-competition training effect. Methods: 6 athletes from the national canoeing team participated in the research. Their training effects for the 6 weeks prior to competition were classified by training load and analyzed statistically. Their hemoglobin,serum urea, creatine kinase and testosterone during the training were measured too. Results: when the training intensity were 100%, the training volume were 80% at the initial stage, and decreased to 60% in the final 2 weeks. Hemoglobin was 142g/l 2 weeks prior to the Asian Games; ceatine kinase increased at first and then decreased, the highest value-214.50IU/l occurred 2 weeks before competition, and was 204.17 IU/l 2 weeks prior to the Asian Games; serum urea increased at first and then decreased, and was steady in the remaining time, and stood at 4.78mmol/l 2 weeks prior to the Asian games; testosterone decreased during the training period, and was 47.87 ng/dl 2 weeks prior to the Asian Games. Conclusion: Along with the changes of training load, athletes’ physical function indexes presented corresponding changes during the pre-competition training period, and were maintained well prior to the Asian games. These indicate the pre-competition training arrangement was reasonable. Related Articles | Metrics

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Intervention-Competitive Level Matching Effects of Cognitive Training in Tennis Serve BI Xiaoting, JIANG Hongwei 2016, 42 (6):  95-98.  doi: 10.15942/j.jcsu.2016.06.00 Abstract ( 781 )   PDF (1111KB) ( 1145 )   Save Mental skill training, represented by cognitive interventions, is widely used in athletic skill training. Among them, representation training and self-talk are effective in improving athletes’ performance, and it is supported by many research findings. However, whether they are equally useful for athletes of different levels is still in question. The current study aims to test the effects of cognitive intervention in improving tennis serve accuracy. Male players from both the national youth volleyball team(n=24) and a college volleyball team participated in the test. 3×2 between group design was used. The experimental group received 6 sessions of representation training of serve or self-talk training of serve in 2 weeks while the control group watched physical training videos at the same time. Accuracy of first serve was adopted as the independent variant and height the covariate. Results show that: for elite players, both representation training and self-talk can improve their accuracy of first serve and representation training is more effective; for college players, only self-talk is effective and representation training presents no significant effect. The effect of self-talk on improving accuracy of first serve is more significant for college players than for elite players. The study supports that cognitive intervention is effective and proposes that the matching of mental skill training method and competitive level is an important precondition to ensure the effect of mental training program. Related Articles | Metrics

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An Empirical Study of the Inter-rater Reliability in Functional Movement Screen WU Hua, RUAN Hui, ZHANG Xinding 2016, 42 (6):  99-102.  doi: 10.15942/j.jcsu.2016.06.00 Abstract ( 837 )   PDF (1106KB) ( 1140 )   Save Objictive:Functional Movement Screen (FMS) was widely accepted. However, its rater reliability is controversial. In order to expand the scope of its application, this article conducts an empirical study on its inter-rater reliability. Methods: 37 basketball and volleyball elite players were sampled to participate in this study and 6 raters were chosen as the subjects. In the experiment, six raters gave their scores for athletes according to FMS evaluation rules, then each rater’s reliability was evaluated through statistical analysis of their scores. Results: (1)High correlation (0.723≤W≤0.904) and consistency(0.6<k≤1) were found among raters scores for push-up, shoulder mobility, deep squat, straight leg raise and rotary stability. (2) Lower correlation (0.380≤W≤0.570) and consistency(k<0.2) were found for hurdle step, in-line lunge, but the differences were not significant differences. Conclusion:The overall inter-rater reliability of FMS is good. Related Articles | Metrics

SPORTS SCIENCE OF HUMAN BODY

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Correlation Between Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test and Aerobic, Anaerobic Capacity of Women Soccer Players in Different Age Groups SUN Zhe, CHEN Xiaoke, FENG Baocheng, XU Meng 2016, 42 (6):  103-109.  doi: 10.15942/j.jcsu.2016.06.00 Abstract ( 1000 )   PDF (2058KB) ( 1041 )   Save Fifty-two athletes from the Chinese National Women’ soccer team of U-12,U-15,U-19 were chosen as experimental subjects, and the relationship among Yo-Yo IR1,Yo-Yo IR2, aerobic, anaerobic capacity of different ages women’ football athletes through VO2max, average anaerobic power testing were analyzed. Correlation analysis showed that the Yo-Yo IR1, Yo-Yo IR2 test results were in low correlation with VO2max test results, and was in high correlation with the average anaerobic power results of women’ football athletes in the U-12 group; there is a moderate correlation between Yo-Yo IR1, Yo-Yo IR2 and average anaerobic power results in U-15 group, but athletes’VO2max has no obvious correlation with Yo-Yo IR1, Yo-Yo IR2; there is a significant correlation between Yo-Yo IR1, Yo-Yo IR2 test results and VO2max results, and there is no correlation between the two and average anaerobic power. The results show that Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test can evaluate the pubescent women soccer players’ anaerobic capacity, and adult women soccer players’aecrobic capacity. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Effect of Exercise and Dietary Modification on PERK/ eIF-2a and IRE-1/XBP-1 Pathway Induced by Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress inNonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease LI Junhan, SUN Junzhi ,LI En,ZHANG Zhongyang,SU Quansheng 2016, 42 (6):  110-113.  doi: 10.15942/j.jcsu.2016.06.00 Abstract ( 927 )   PDF (1572KB) ( 1022 )   Save Objective: To observe the change of eIF-2a PERK/ and IRE-1/XBP-1 pathway inducedby endoplasmic reticulum stress in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and explore the role of exercise and dietary modification and its mechanism. Methods: 12 rats were randomly selected from 42 rats as the control group, the rest 30 rats were the model group. Control group was fed withordinary diet, model group was fed with high-fat diet. At the 8th week of experiment, 6 rats in control and model group were respectively chose for liver pathological to determine whether NAFLD model was successfully made. Model group were randomly divided into 4 groups: model group (M), exercise group (EM), diet modification group (FM) and exercise combined with diet modification group (EFM), each 6 rats. The remaining 6 rats of control group were as C group . Group C was continued to ordinary diet. Group M and EM were continued to high fat diet. Group FM and EFM were fed from high fat diet to ordinary diet. Group EM and EFM were intervened by aerobic swimming exercise for 8 weeks until the end of experiment. We observed the pathological changes in liver tissue by HE staining. Western blot was employed to explore the protein expression of eukaryotic initiation factor 2 α(eIF-2a) and protein kinase R-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK) and inositol-requiring Enzyme 1(IRE-1) and X-box-binding Protein 1( XBP-1 ). Results: (1) Compared to group C, hepatocyte steatosis is aggravating and protein expression of PERK/eIF-2a and IRE-1/XBP-1 pathway gene increased in M group; (2) Compared to group M, liver steatosis relived and protein expression of PERK/eIF-2a and IRE-1/XBP-1 pathway gene reduced in intervention groups; (3)The result of two-way anova in Group M and EM and FM and EFM showed that exercise and diet had a main effect on protein expression of PERK/eIF-2a and IRE-1/XBP-1 pathway gene and they had a interactive effect. Conclusions: Exercise and diet modification had an good effect on NAFLD and the effect of exercise combined with diet modification was better, which may be related to the decrease of protein expression of PERK/eIF-2a and IRE-1/XBP-1 pathway gene and reducing endoplasmic reticulum stress. Related Articles | Metrics

PHYSICAL EDUCATION

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Hot Issues Related to the Sensitive Period in Childand Adolescent Physical Fitness Development ZHOU Guohai,JI Liu,YIN Xiaojian 2016, 42 (6):  114-120.  doi: 10.15942/j.jcsu.2016.06.00 Abstract ( 1060 )   PDF (1547KB) ( 1116 )   Save In recent years, much research has been done on improving the physical health of children and adolescents, and research on the sensitive period in child and adolescent physical development is becoming a hot issue. By way of literature review and logical analysis, the present paper investigates the “sensitive period”-related literature in recent 30 years. The findings show that no standards defining “sensitive period” are universally accepted at home and abroad, therefore, it is hard to make scientific achievements; the intervention method for “sensitive period” is simple and no comprehensive intervention approaches have been developed. Research findings on “sensitive period”and “non-sensitive period”are controversial. The author proposes that: “sensitive period” is influenced not only by child and adolescent physiological and psychological factors, but also by genetic, environmental, socio-economic factors. Therefore, in-depth studies on composition of “sensitive period” are expected in the future, attention should be paid to the combination of theoretical studies and practice, and comprehensive studies on “sensitive period” should be strengthened. Related Articles | Metrics

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Application and Exploration of Embeddedness Teaching in the Reform of Recreational Sports Mjor Teaching——An Empirical Study Based on the Construction of Recreational Sports Major in Chengdu Sport Institute YANG Bing, CHEN Jingshu, LIU Wei, SHU Jianping 2016, 42 (6):  121-126.  doi: 10.15942/j.jcsu.2016.06.00 Abstract ( 818 )   PDF (1190KB) ( 1235 )   Save This paper, from the perspective of embeddedness, analyzes the problem of separation of “teaching”, “learning” and “practicing” and the feasibility of applying embeddedness in teaching. Analyzing the construction of embeddedness teaching model and practice in the Recreational Sports Department in Chengdu Sport Institute, the paper points out that the embeddedness teaching model plays an important role in improving teaching quality and promoting sustainable development of teaching. Related Articles | Metrics