关键词: 禁武令, 武举制, 武术人才, 秘密结社, 二元发展

Abstract: Banning of Wushu has always been an important means to maintain centralized rule, but the "Wushu examination system", which began in the Tang Dynasty and ended in the Qing Dynasty, also coexisted with it over a long period of time. Under the coexistenc of "Banning of Wushu" and the "Wushu examination system", the source of Wushu talents became an antinomy for the ruling class. The article uses literature and logical analysis to study the banning of Wushu and the Wushus examination system in some periods of the Qing Dynasty, finding that the banning of Wushu only targeted religious folk Wushu groups that were not under official jurisdiction, while the training of Wushus talents became an important part of the official education system since the Kangxi era, and the talents mainly came from: (1) Zongxue (clan school), which was mainly held by royal families, (2) Guanxue (official school), which was mainly composed of Baqi and Han officials, and (3) Yixue (private/community school charging no tuition), which was mainly run by the Han military banners. However, the seemingly fair Wushu examination system was gradually monopolized by the upper class and the famous and influential clans. Folk Wushu was separated from official Wushu in this period, resulted in the two embarking on different development paths that were independent and antagonistic to each other. Unlike in the Ming Dynasty when official Wushu and folk Wushu interoperated and fed each other, Wushu in the Qing Dynasty showed obvious dualistic development characteristics.

Key words: Banning of Wushu, Wushu examnation system, Wushu talents, secret associations, dualistic development, sports history