Abstract: The Education Powerhouse Construction Plan (2024–2035) jointly issued by the CPC Central Committee and the State Council clearly outlines the strategic mission of promoting students’ healthy growth and comprehensive development in the new era. The plan mandates accelerating the resolution of deficiencies in school physical education, implementing the student physical fitness enhancement programs, ensuring at least two hours of comprehensive daily physical activity for primary and secondary school students, strengthening school football programs, and effectively controlling student myopia and obesity rates. These tasks present immediate urgency yet face numerous theoretical and practical challenges. Based on a systematic review of core issues facing current school physical education, and synthesizing existing theoretical achievements and practical experiences, the study concludes that accomplishing these tasks necessitates strengthening multi-sectoral coordination mechanisms. It advocates establishing a long-term collaborative governance framework among sports, education, and health sectors and further enhancing synergy among families, schools, and society. These strategies offer vital theoretical insights and practical pathways for achieving high-quality development in school physical education within the context of building an education powerhouse.