Abstract: Following the implementation of the “Double Reduction” policy, extracurricular sports training for adolescents has emerged as a valuable supplement to school physical education in the new era, as well as a key measure to ensure students’ reduced academic burden and enhance their physical health. Through field research and logical analysis, this study systematically examines the development landscape of extracurricular sports training for adolescents in China. It identifies governance challenges in areas such as conceptual dilemmas, regulatory difficulties, insufficient policy support, and administrative approval complexities. Influencing factors include fragmented stakeholder relationships, misaligned policy priorities, prominent supply-demand imbalances, and selective local law enforcement. To address these issues, the study proposes several breakthrough strategies: achieving collaborative governance to strengthen stakeholder coordination; refining the policy system to clarify value orientations; expanding effective supply while standardizing market practices; establishing industry standards to ensure uniform enforcement; and defining regulatory scopes to streamline administrative licensing.