Abstract: This study employs the literature review method to analyze the goals, values, and functional positioning of China’s competitive sports development by examining the opportunities and challenges arising from the comprehensive construction of a modern socialist country. Based on this analysis, the paper proposes practical pathways for advancing competitive sports in China. The research argues that, in the context of building a modern socialist country in an all-round way, China’s competitive sports development should explore a new whole-nation system characterized by government-society interaction to establish a multi-stakeholder collaborative governance framework for competitive sports, integrate diverse governmental and societal actors to construct a modern youth training system with Chinese characteristics, enhance scientific training through technological innovation, optimize competition scheduling to develop a distinctive modern competition system, and strengthen ideological guidance to foster the healthy and prosperous development of competitive sports culture.