Table of Content

15 September 2020, Volume 46 Issue 5 Previous Issue    Next Issue

SPORTS SOCIAL SCIENCE:SPORTS GOVERNANCE AND SPORTS DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY

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The Development and Change of Sports Policies in China from the Perspective of the Central Government Work Reports ZHANG Wenpeng, DUAN Li, ZHOU Youmei, WANG Tao 2020, 46 (5):  1-7.  Abstract ( 815 )   PDF (1524KB) ( 850 )   Save By using the methods of literature and text analysis, this paper studies the government work reports from 1978-2018. Research shows that persisting in co-frequency resonance with related undertakings is the inevitable requirement of sports policy content and practice in China, the continuous development is the main line of sports policy content and practice in China and the constant innovation is the soul of sports policy content and practice in China. The characteristics of its evolution are as follows: (1) the content of sports policy is constantly enriched and extended; (2) sports policy have developed and changed in a gradual way. 3) the development and change of sports policy embodies the distinct characteristics of times. Its enlightenment to the governance of China's sports in the new era is: (1) strengthening the authority of policy is the guarantee of sports development in China; (2) overcoming sports shortcomings is the important task in developing sports policy; (3) modernizing sports governance is the general goal in the current present period. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Causes, Dilemmas and Solutions of the Governance of Mass Sports Events in China FENG Jiafu, GUO Xiujin, CHEN Yuping 2020, 46 (5):  8-14.  Abstract ( 1051 )   PDF (1227KB) ( 702 )   Save Based on the problems exposed by mass sports events in China, this present paper applies the theory of social governance to the analysis of the motivation, dilemmas and solutions of mass sports events governance. Research suggests that the modernization of the national governance system and governance capabilities, the transformation of government sports event management methods, and the integration and interaction of multiple governance entities constitute the causes for the governance of mass sports events; the governance structure of the government and social forces is unbalanced, and the role of the government is not clearly defined. Vagueness and conflicts of interest among multiple governance subjects are the main dilemma faced by current mass sports events. Based on the causes and difficulties of the governance of mass sports events, this present paper proposes to construct a multi-subject collaborative governance pattern, clarify the power and responsibility boundaries in the government governance process, and establish a two-way government and society supervision mechanism. Related Articles | Metrics

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Thinking and Development Strategy on Physical Education and Health Education in Post-epidemic Period in China LI Xiaowei, YUAN Shengmin 2020, 46 (5):  15-20.  Abstract ( 1091 )   PDF (1216KB) ( 987 )   Save During the covid-19 epidemic, people were confined at home to fight the disease, releasing a huge demand for health knowledge, physical exercise and life education. Our survey shows that physical education and health education face three big challenges: students exercise at home is merely formalistic, online teaching and exercise lack interaction and can not last long, health education lacks systematic content and processes. Therefore, it is urgent to enrich the content of students’ health education and expand the forms of students’ health education. This article, based on the requirements for “sports and health education” in the planning outline of Health China 2030 and the health education practices at different times in various countries, put forward the concept of “Comprehensive Health” education, and elaborate it from the perspectives of improving physical training and health consciousness, enriching the content and form of “Comprehensive Health” education and promoting students’ health knowledge through evaluation. Related Articles | Metrics

SPORTS SOCIAL SCIENCE:SPORTS HISTORY AND SPORTS CULTURE

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The Four Reforms of the Military Imperial Examination System in the Kangxi Period and its Historical Influence ZHAO Fuxue, ZHOU Tong, LI Panfei 2020, 46 (5):  21-26.  Abstract ( 1433 )   PDF (1215KB) ( 1209 )   Save The Military Imperial Examination is an important part of the educational examination system in the Qing Dynasty. During the Kangxi period of the Qing Dynasty, a series of reforms were carried out in the Military Imperial Examination, which brought about structural changes in the Military Imperial Examination system in the Qing Dynasty. By using the methods of literature, historical analysis and logical reasoning, this paper makes a systematic analysis and demonstration of the reasons, contents and historical influence of the reform of the Military Imperial Examination in the Kangxi period of the Qing Dynasty. The study holds that due to the frequent occurrence of wars in the Kangxi period, the original Military Imperial Examination has many drawbacks that are inconsistent with the needs of the state in the selection procedure, examination content and employment standards of military personnel. In order to solve these problems smoothly, the ruling class launched a series of reform measures for the Military Imperial Examination. During the Kangxi period, through four influential reforms to the Military Imperial Examination, the state selected a large number of outstanding military personnel with both civil and military skills in a short period of time, which effectively changed the traditional atmosphere of "selecting scholars with literature" in the martial arts examination and the prejudice of the society against the MilitaryImperial Examination, and thus selected a large number of military talents who met the needs of the rulers and the army. So that the more mature military talent selection and examination system can be continuously used and implemented in the middle and late Qing Dynasty. Related Articles | Metrics

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Competing in the Right Way: Sumo Activities in the Song Dynasty LI Nana 2020, 46 (5):  27-30.  Abstract ( 622 )   PDF (1196KB) ( 926 )   Save Research on the sumo activities prevalent in the Song Dynasty through the literature method. The entertainment-oriented sumo activities in the Song Dynasty follow certain competition rules, and the competition program is relatively simple. The purpose of competition is to get the opponent fall down, rather than cripple the opponent, thus simplifying and standardizing the competitive mechanism. It is believed that the the viewing and competitive nature of sumo wrestling in the Song Dynasty is a transcendence and popularization of the previous wrestling activities. Although it has been labeled as vulgar, due to the simple conditions of competition and the unlimited status of participants, it became a popular sport in the Song Dynasty. The popularity of sumo activities in the Song Dynasty is consistent with the openness of society and culture in the Song Dynasty, and it is a subject value appeal and citizens' conscious entertainment and sports behavior under the development of the commodity economy in the Song Dynasty. Related Articles | Metrics

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100-metre sprint; backward pedaling; winging; pelvis rotation; timing MOU Xiaoyue, CAO Jingchuan 2020, 46 (5):  31-36.  Abstract ( 568 )   PDF (1221KB) ( 649 )   Save During the Jin and Yuan Dynasties, there were many sports bans on the national level, which include riding, archery, Sumo, Shuanglu, hunting, polo, boat race and other folk sports. The bans had far-reaching impact on the development of traditional sports. Some martial sports activities declined under the strong suppression of the government, and the bans on Shuanglu and polo were also an important factor leading to their decline or even disappearance. The prominent feature of sports bans in this period is that there were many qualification bans, which further deepened the national estrangement and intensified inter-national contradictions. However, the bans on hunting and catching merged the strong environmental protection consciousness and had positive influence. The bans on boat racing and catapult also effectively evaded sports accidental injuries, which is the earliest law of sports injury control in ancient China. Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on the Phenomenon of "Cultural Island" in The Jino Traditional National Sports from the Perspective of Cultural Ecology YE Ting, TAN Guangxin 2020, 46 (5):  37-42.  Abstract ( 661 )   PDF (1206KB) ( 723 )   Save Based on field investigation, this paper takes Jino sports culture in Xishuangbanna Autonomous Prefecture as the object of study, and uses cultural ecology theory to analyze the cause of the cultural island of Jino. The research shows that the Dai nationality constitutes the majority of Xishuangbanna Autonomous Prefecture, and the sports of the Dai nationality are characterized by valuing water, advocating tenderness and encouraging female independence. Scattered among the dai nationality, Jino nationality's sports culture is characterized by worshiping fire, advocating strength and male dominance, which are completely contrary to the mainstream Dai culture. The reason is that Jino nationality has formed its unique cultural characteristics due to the unique mountain conditions, primary production mode and simple nature worship. This kind of selective evolution is an inevitable result of resistance or escape in the face of natural and social constraints and oppression. Related Articles | Metrics

SPORTS SOCIAL SCIENCE:SPORTS NEWS COMMUNICATION

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Focuses, Networks and Trends of Sports Fan Studies Abroad ——A Mapping Knowledge Domain Analysis of Literature from WOS ZHANG Xiaolin 2020, 46 (5):  43-50.  Abstract ( 648 )   PDF (2432KB) ( 707 )   Save Adopting the Mapping Knowledge Domain tool Citespace, this paper analyzed 257 sports fan literature from WOS. It finds that an increasing number of scholars taking interests in such topics as sports fan's identification, emotion, intention and behavior. These studies are generally conducted from cultural, psychological and social perspectives. As for researchers and institutions, cooperation is quite common and a solid research foundation has been laid and certain classical literature has been published, providing important reference to Chinese scholars. Related Articles | Metrics

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Collective Self-Esteem and Loneliness of Older Sports Fans: Social Media Use Matters GUO Sitong, Andrew C. BILLINGS, Nicholas R. BUZZELLI 2020, 46 (5):  51-58.  Abstract ( 596 )   PDF (1248KB) ( 611 )   Save Using social identity theory as a lens for examination, 148 adults aged 55 years or older were surveyed regarding their use of social media for sport-related content and interaction. Relationships between this form of social media use and team identification, loneliness, and collective self-esteem were tested. Results showed that while social media use positively predicted collective self-esteem, no relationship was found between social media use and loneliness. Moreover, team identification positively predicted people's sport-based social media use. Theoretical and applied ramifications are both offered, along with a call for increased scholarly attention for this age demographic within sports media studies. Related Articles | Metrics

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Individual Choice and Structure Restriction: The Influencing Factors of Media Use of Chinese Audiences during the 2019 FIFA Women's World Cup TANG Yuqing, GUO Qing, CHEN Changjie 2020, 46 (5):  59-66.  Abstract ( 588 )   PDF (1300KB) ( 659 )   Save Based on a survey of Chinese audiences during the 2019 FIFA Women's World Cup, this study empirically analyzed the influencing factors of media use during the mega-sports event. The results show that: (1) The media use is influenced by both individual and structural factors; (2) Individual factors such as watching motivation, team identification, gender and age have significant influence on audiences' media use behaviors; (3) The influence of structural factors is greater than individual factors. Structural factors such as audience availability and access, viewing context, daily sports participation have significant influence on audiences' media use behaviors; (4) Mega-sports event is not only a sports event, but also a media event. The findings can help to understand Chinese audiences of the mega-sports events and provide support for the media and sports organizations in terms of sports event communication and marketing. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Construction of Public Discourse Space by Chinese Football Media Discourse LIU Huanan 2020, 46 (5):  67-73.  Abstract ( 515 )   PDF (1218KB) ( 577 )   Save On the basis of investigating the media discourse texts on Chinese football, this paper analyzed and interpreted the construction of Chinese football discourse space in the dimensions of openness, transparency and public interest, and explored and prospected the development trend of public discourse space in today's Chinese society: (1) Multi-discourse subject actively participates in the practice of constructing Chinese football discourse space through traditional media and network new media, dredges the channels of public discourse expression through the national forum which has no "access control", and fully reflects the openness characteristic of public discourse space; (2) Chinese football is a sports game with the highest transparency of discourse in China, which gives full play to the supervision effect of public opinion in public discourse space, but the process of breaking through the limited topics and discourse forbidden areas is difficult, gradual and tortuous. The agenda setting function of the media plays a "double-edged sword" effect in this process. (3) Discourse discussion on "based on football and beyond football" has risen to the level of issues related to social and public affairs. The construction and development of public discourse space and the promotion of public awareness are interdependent and mutually reinforced, reflecting the ideological concept of "home, country and the world". Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on the Communication Features of Sports Event Online Public Opinion ——Based on Text Sentiment Analysis of 2019 Women’s Volleyball World Cup WANG Xiaochen, GUAN Shuo, YU Wenbo, LI Fang 2020, 46 (5):  74-81.  Abstract ( 600 )   PDF (1605KB) ( 669 )   Save As a hot social event, sports events are a public topic, which is easy to draw people’s attention and form online public opinion. Using the method of text sentiment analysis, this present paper takes the 2019 Women's Volleyball World Cup as an example to explore the communication features of online public opinion of sports events on the basis of analyzing and discussing the time sequence of “Chinese Women's Volleyball” Weibo, text word frequency and text sentiment. Research suggests that: Online public opinion of sports events has obvious phased sentimental evolution characteristics, and is easy to form polar views; Online public opinion of sports events has obvious ethnic consciousness and social attributes in the process of information interaction and convergence; the text language of network public opinion of sports events has the dual feature of both entertainment and sentiment expression. In view of the attributes of sports events and the features of cyberspace, relevant government agencies should understand, keep abreast of and guide the online public opinion of sports events. Related Articles | Metrics

THEORY AND PRACTICE ON SPORTS EDUCATION AND TRAINING

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Initial construction of "tradition"-A historical investigation of PE Curriculum Reformation in basic education In the initial period of New China PENG Zeping, LI Yuhan 2020, 46 (5):  82-88.  Abstract ( 639 )   PDF (1218KB) ( 643 )   Save Through the method of literature analysis, this paper reviews and analyzes the physical education curriculum reform in primary and secondary schools in the early period of the founding of new China (1949-1957). In this historical period, The Communist Party and People's Republic of China have implemented a series of reforms on the physical education curriculum of primary and middle schools on the basis of the needs of sports construction of new democracy and socialist school, and preliminary established a socialist, a stable and orderly system of primary and secondary school physical education curriculum and curriculum system. It has promoted the school sports in China from the semi-colonial and semi-feudal nature to the socialist nature of the big span, laid an important foundation for the development of school sports in New China and factually constitutes the first wave of the reform of basic education physical education curriculum in new China. Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis on Segmental Pacing Strategy of World Excellent Athletes in Men's 200 m Freestyle Swimming Race CHEN Yu 2020, 46 (5):  89-95.  Abstract ( 748 )   PDF (1259KB) ( 566 )   Save By making a statistical analysis of segmental performances, stroke frequency, stroke speed and swimming speed in men's 200-meter freestyle finals in the 2015 World Championships, the 2016 Olympic Games, and the 2017 World Championships, this paper explores world excellent athletes' competitive characteristics in pacing strategy in men's 200-meter freestyle swimming race. The results show that excellent athletes generally employ the "quick start" + "uniform speed" strategy in men's 200-meter freestyle swimming race; in the first segment, stroke frequency is the most critical, which determines the overall stroke frequency in the following segments, and the difference in stroke frequency between medal winners (the top three) and non-winners (the 5th-8th places) occurs in the fourth segment; the stroke length in the second and the third segment plays a transitional function and is vital for medal winners to maintain their speed; medal winners and non-winners present a significant difference in their performances in the third and the fourth 50m, and both medal winners and non-winners attaining their speed by maintaining their stroke length and speeding up stroke frequency, and this is more obvious in medal winners. Related Articles | Metrics

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Characteristics of Backward Pedaling and Swinging Movements and Hip Pushing Timing during 100-Metre Sprint MA Mi 2020, 46 (5):  96-101.  Abstract ( 1054 )   PDF (2560KB) ( 887 )   Save By using the Dartfish motion analysis software, this paper made a sports biomechanical analysis of the'rabbit' camera-freeze pictures of backward pedaling and swing of Usain Bolt, Asafa Powell, John Blake, Morris Green, Fermi Ogunod and Su Bingtian during 100-m sprint. It is concluded that the motions of the swinging leg during back pedaling include: completing a small-range increase in the knee joint angle before the body, and then completing a large-range increase in the knee joint angle. The function of the swing change is to coordinate the extension and muscle strength of the rear pedal when the swinging leg completes a large-range increase in the angle of the knee joint, that is, the swinging leg swings in front of the body reaches 3/4 of the movement amplitude period, the pelvis completes large-scale "fan" horizontal rotation, which is commonly known as the key timing of "hip pushing". But the amplitude of back pedaling and thigh swinging in this period is not large, only the pelvis rotation, that is, the "hip-pushing" amplitude is the largest. Related Articles | Metrics

SPORTS SCIENCE OF HUMAN BODY

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An Experimental Study on the Influence of Baduanjin Exercise on "Weak" College Students' Physical Self-Esteem and Exercise Motivation XU Hengzheng , GAO Liang, XIAO Liugen, WANG Chengyang 2020, 46 (5):  102-108.  Abstract ( 664 )   PDF (1229KB) ( 675 )   Save Objective: To investigate the influence of Baduanjin exercise on of "weak" college students' physical self-esteem and exercise motivation. Methods: Freshmen students from physical health class (natural class) of two universities in Nanjing were chosen as the experimental subjects to conduct Baduanjin exercise intervention. Results: (1) Before the experiment, the experimental group and the control group had no significant differences in physical self-esteem and scores in various dimensions, internal motivation, external motivation, and no motivation (P>0.05). After the experiment, the experimental group and the control group were not significantly different in scores of physical self-esteem and physical attractiveness (P>0.05). The total scores in physical self-esteem and the scores in the other dimensions, internal motivation, external motivation, and no motivation showed significant or very significant differences ( P＜0.05, P＜0.01); (2) The physical self-esteem and the scores in various dimensions increased in the experimental group after the intervention. The paired T test before and after the experiment showed that the total score of physical self-esteem, motor skills, physical condition, physical attractiveness and the difference in physical fitness was statistically significant (P＜0.01, P＜0.05, ES value stands between 0.465～0.978); the internal motivation and external motivation scores of the experimental group increased after the intervention, and the non-motivation score decreased. The paired T test showed that the differences were statistically significant (P<0.01, P<0.05, and ES values stand between 0.570 and 1.262); (3) Correlation analysis showed that the difference in the overall physical self-esteem scores of "weak" college students before and after the experiment was related to internal motivation, The score difference before and after the external motivation experiment showed a significant positive correlation (P＜0.01, P＜0.05), among which the physical attractiveness dimension was significantly positively correlated with external motivation (P＜0.05), and the physical condition dimension was significantly positively correlated with internal motivation (P＜0.01), and the motor skill dimension has a very significant positive correlation with internal motivation and external motivation (P＜0.01). Conclusion: Baduanjin exercise can significantly improve the level of physical self-esteem and exercise motivation of "weak" college students, and as the level of physical self-esteem, especially the level of "motor skills" increases, the level of exercise motivation increases accordingly. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of Soccer Exercise and Stop Practice on Executive Function of School Age Children DAI Zhao 2020, 46 (5):  109-113.  Abstract ( 688 )   PDF (1264KB) ( 653 )   Save Objective: To explore the effect of regular football exercise and stop practice on the executive function of school-age children, and to provide theoretical basis for improving children's physical fitness. Methods: 46 school-age children aged 10-11 in Sichuan Olympic School were selected as the experimental group. They were given 24 weeks football exercise five times a week for 2 hours each time. The control group consisted of 43 school-age children matched by age, height and weight. During the 0, 24, 4 and 8 weeks of training, Flanker task, Smith 2-back experiment and Salthouse experiment were used to measure the inhibition function time difference, refresh function time difference and conversion function time difference of all subjects respectively. Results: (1)24-week intervention stage: the inhibition and conversion functions of the experimental group were significantly better than those of the control group (P<0.01), and the refresh function was significantly better than that of the control group (P<0.05); (2) Stop training stage: the inhibition function of the experimental group was significantly better than that of the control group (P<0.01) and the conversion function was significantly better than that of the control group (P<0.05) at 4 weeks of stop training. The inhibition and conversion function were significantly better than that of the control group (P < 0.05) after 8 weeks of training suspension. Compared with 24 weeks, the inhibitory function of the experimental group declined significantly after 8 weeks of training (P<0.01). Compared with 4 weeks of training suspension, the inhibitory function of the experimental group declined significantly after 8 weeks of training suspension (P<0.05). Conclusion: 24-week football exercise can improve the executive function of school-age children in varying degrees. The beneficial effect of 4 weeks' training cessation on executive function of school-age children is still maintained, while the inhibition function of 8 weeks' training cessation declines. Related Articles | Metrics

BOOK REVIEW

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New Sports Needs "New Sport Pedagogy" —— Finding the Origin of Sport Educators' Responsibility from the "Sport Pedagogy: An Introduction for Teaching and Coaching" QIAN Chenxiang, HUANG Aifeng 2020, 46 (5):  114-119.  Abstract ( 591 )   PDF (1216KB) ( 728 )   Save By introducing the book "Sport pedagogy:an introduction for teaching and coaching", taking "learner/customer needs" as the starting point, this present paper focuses on Chinese sports education field to explore the actual needs of relevant stakeholders. Research suggests that the sports needs of school children in the context of gender, special education, physical capital, entrustment, etc. have the characteristics of multiple and plural coexistence; educators face practical conflicts between utilitarianism and educational deviation in the workplace, and sometimes attempt to explore educational concepts and teaching modes; there are the lack of sports education concepts and the lack of sports pedagogy in talent training. It is proposed that the establishment of sports pedagogy courses should absorb foreign sources and learn from them. Course development should be based on the starting point, while seeking development and innovation, and course perfection should be facing the future and people-oriented. Related Articles | Metrics

OVERSEA VISION

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Sport, Place and Nationhood ——The Politics of the National Stadia of the United Kingdom Alan Bairner , Huan Xiong(translation) 2020, 46 (5):  120-126.  Abstract ( 630 )   PDF (1232KB) ( 643 )   Save In order to fully understand the social and cultural significance of sporting places and the national identities it carries, the article draws on the path of the Chicago School of Urban Ecology and Symbolic Interaction Theory, and analyses the interaction among the sports events, the so-called national stadia and national identities in the multi-national United Kingdom. The author underlines the political role of the stadia as the urban landscape and the national symbols, and highlights the analytical value of the sporting place. Related Articles | Metrics