Table of Content

15 May 2016, Volume 42 Issue 3 Previous Issue    Next Issue

FEATURE ARTICLE

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Thinking on Constructing Chengdu Sport University into a “High-level, Applied Research-Oriented Multidisciplinary University with Distinctive Physical Education Characteristic” LIU Qing, SHU Weiping, TAO Zhongping, WANG Hongjiang, SUN Shuhui, ZHU Daohui 2016, 42 (3):  1-6.  doi: 10.15942/j.jcsu.2016.03.001 Abstract ( 1999 )   PDF (1092KB) ( 1341 )   Save Facing China’s “new normal” and the new trend of higher education reform during the 13th Five-Year Plan period, and referring to the classification system of colleges and universities, which takes talent-training as its core, we review Chengdu Sport university’s 70 years of experience in education and propose that our goal is to construct it into a “high-level, applied research-oriented multidisciplinary university with distinctive physical education characteristic”. Measures to achieve this goal include: to reform the talent training mode, to promote the construction of first-class disciplines, to reform the evaluation mechanism of scientific research, to enhance the ability to serve the society, to improve the modern University system, to strengthen the construction of teaching team, to expand international exchanges and cooperation, and to complete the school’s relocation project. Related Articles | Metrics

EXPLORATION AND FREE VIEWS

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Discussion and Reflection on the Scientificity of China’s Student’s Physical Fitness Tests in 60 years SUN Youping, FAN Hongbin,JI Liu 2016, 42 (3):  7-13.  doi: 10.15942/j.jcsu.2016.03.002 Abstract ( 2039 )   PDF (1196KB) ( 1513 )   Save Student’s physical fitness test has been implemented for 60 years since 1954 when the first official physical fitness test standard for students was promulgated in China. However, the scientificity of its indexes remains to be verified. During the "labor preparation and national defense system" period, physical fitness test put emphasis on the strength-movement skill indexes, but there were not any indexes for trunk strength; during the "national standard for sports exercise" period, physical fitness test still stressed the strength-movement skill indexes, while female’s torso strength indexes were added; during the "national student physical health standard" period, physical fitness test was designed to include indexes for general strength, but remained incomplete. Among the indexes designed for different body parts, there are more indexes for the upper limbs than that for other body parts. The indexes for upper limbs are miscellaneous and have higher requirements for student’s age and gender. Therefore its reliability and validity is relatively low; the torso strength indexesare simple (only sit-ups included) and have limitations for student’s age and gender. Besides, the efficiency of the testing method is relatively low.Standing long jump is the only index for lower limb test. However, the index is in dispute because it is influenced by skillslearning. Therefore it’s validity is subject to further verification through experiments. In the future, indexes for student’sphysical fitness test in China can be optimized in the following aspects: For upper limb test, choosing one from among modified pull-ups,push-ups (for male) and knee push-ups (for female). For torso test, choosing the best from among various sit-up movements,supplementing trunk extension and plank. For lower limb test, standing long jump and the current two kinds of squat jump need to be verified through experiments. Related Articles | Metrics

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Correlation of 6-minute Stairs Climbing and Descending Test with Oxygen Uptake GUO Hui, SUN Jingquan, ZHANG Yimin 2016, 42 (3):  14-18.  doi: 10.15942/j.jcsu.2016.03.003 Abstract ( 1484 )   PDF (1131KB) ( 1417 )   Save Objective: to analyze the correlation of the number of steps, peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) in 6-minute stairs climbing and descending test (6MSCDT) with the maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) in Bruce plan and to establish the regression equation for the VO2max speculation. To explore whether 6MSCDT can accurately reflect the human heart and lung endurance so as to provide new ideas for the perfection of the simplified heart and lung endurance test method. Methods: randomly recruited 69 volunteers to receive the 6MSCDT and VO2max test, calculated the6MSCDT results, and then compared their correlation with the VO2max in the Graded Exercise Testing (GXT) and made a stepwise regression analysis. Results: The 6MSCDT peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak)and the GXT VO2max is highly correlated (r=0.911,P<0.01); the number of steps in the 6MSCDT is highly correlated with the relative VO2peak (r=0.751,P<0.01); the number of steps in the 6MSCDT and the GXT VO2max is highly correlated (r=0.556,P<0.01). The regression equation for VO2maxspeculation, which uses weight, number of steps and gender as the variables (R=0.888,R2=0.789, Modified R2=0.779,SEE=0.408L/min), was established. Conclusion: 6MSCDT can be used to speculate the VO2max, and can be used as a method of evaluating cardiovascular endurance. Related Articles | Metrics

SPORT HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCE

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Research on Innovation of Sports Industry Development Mechanism Zhang Ruilin, Wang Xianliang 2016, 42 (3):  19-24.  doi: 10.15942/j.jcsu.2016.03.004 Abstract ( 1530 )   PDF (1103KB) ( 1411 )   Save Using the methods of literature review, logical analysis, etc., the current paper studies from the perspective of law of industrial development, the reform and innovation of sports industry development mechanism at the national and local level so as to promote its optimization and perfection.The research shows that the sports industry development mechanism are faced with such problems as the function of governments at the local level is not defined clearly, the function of social organizations is not fully developed, the channels for market body to participatesports industry management is smooth. The explorations on the implementation of Opinions on Accelerating the Development of Sports Industry and Promoting Sports Consumption, which was issued by The State Council in 2014, at the local level provide new ideas for furthering the reform of sports industry development mechanism. The paper proposes that sports industry development mechanism should be transformed from management to governance, from control to performance, from individual operation to coordinated development. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on sport and social capital in China: achievements,characteristics and prospect ZHOU Jieyou 2016, 42 (3):  25-31.  doi: 10.15942/j.jcsu.2016.03.005 Abstract ( 1365 )   PDF (1121KB) ( 1350 )   Save Using the methods of literature review, comparison, the present paper reviews and analyzes the issues and achievements in sport and social capital research so as to present a picture of the research in China. The findings show that research in the field in China is focused on 10 issues such as participation of sports and generation of social capital, influence of social capital on sports (participants), and so on. Recent years have witnessed a sharp increase in research achievements and the overall quality is satisfactory. The qualitative research is used much more than the quantitative one, the studies are primarily cross-sectional. Social capital theories are roughly applied in some studies. The research achievements can not fully reflect sports practice in China and some research issues need urgent attention. Based on the above findings, the paper puts forward some issues to which due attention and efforts should be paid. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Relationship between Urban Form and Physical Activity LIANG Hanping 2016, 42 (3):  32-36.  doi: 10.15942/j.jcsu.2016.03.006 Abstract ( 1181 )   PDF (1714KB) ( 932 )   Save Urban form is the environmental factor influencing residents’ physical activity. Nowadays, inadequacy of physical activity is commonplace in all countries across the world. Using the methods of literature review and comparison, the present paper discusses the relationship between urban form and physical activity. The results show that physical activity is associated with population density, mixed land use and street connectivity. Therefore, when formulating urban development plan, design of streets, parks and green spaces, and neighborhoods should be taken into account so as to increase residents’ level of activity. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Social Eelf: Study on the Development Path of Leisure Sports in the Individualized Society MIAO Ke, YANG Haiqing 2016, 42 (3):  37-41.  doi: 10.15942/j.jcsu.2016.03.007 Abstract ( 1460 )   PDF (1081KB) ( 1316 )   Save Based on the sociological theory of "social self", the paper attempts to constructa good relationship between "individuals" and "social self" in the process of developing leisure sports in the individualized society so as to promote the development of leisure sports. The study suggests that: the development of leisure sports relies on the good interaction of personal development and social norms. In doing so can individuals be effectively controlled, regulated and inspired through laws, regulations and social norms and moralities both psychologically and behaviorally and become the "social self" in the real sense. This will in turn promote the development of leisure sports, and achieve the good interaction of leisure sports development and social progress eventually. Related Articles | Metrics

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Examination on the Discontinuity of Physical Exercise Behavior Stages and its Implication for Intervention GUO Xinyan 2016, 42 (3):  42-47.  doi: 10.15942/j.jcsu.2016.03.008 Abstract ( 1443 )   PDF (1156KB) ( 1624 )   Save The present paper aims to construct an integrated conceptual model of physical exercise behavior change through questionnaire survey, statistics and stage intervention. 343 urban residents, chosen through stratified random sampling, were taken as subjects to receive test on the discontinuity of exercise behavior stages and the difference in exercise behavior variables across stages. The study shows that there are stages in individual’s sports exercise behavior. Based on the findings, the author proposes the procedure, methods and measures for sports exercise behavior intervention. The research results provide evidence for stage-matched health behavior intervention. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on the Optimization of Sports Consumption Statistical Methods in China CAI Jun, LI Weiping 2016, 42 (3):  48-54.  doi: 10.15942/j.jcsu.2016.03.009 Abstract ( 1295 )   PDF (1207KB) ( 1273 )   Save Using the gross national product expense method,factor analysis method,and multiple-end equal-interval index household samplingsurvey method, and taking 4100 families in 52 districts in 11 cities and 1390 households in 13counties(districts) in Xi’an as empirical subjects, the author conducted a one-year-long bookkeeping statistical survey on resident’s sports consumption statistical indexes. Based on the above survey and by referring to the current survey approach of household income, expenditure and living conditions, and theories related to consumption economy, sports economy and economic statistics, the author tries to optimize sports consumption statistical methods and index system in China so as to reinforce public sports consumption statistical services. The author proposes that sports consumption statistical system in China be established through establishing sports consumption statistical agency of the General Administration of Sport of China and an expert research institute for sports consumption statistics, and formulating the Survey Scheme and Implementation Plan for Urban and Rural Residents’Sports Consumption Statistics. Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on the Reform and Optimization of CBA All Star Weekend YAO Jian 2016, 42 (3):  55-60.  doi: 10.15942/j.jcsu.2016.03.010 Abstract ( 2298 )   PDF (1249KB) ( 1149 )   Save In order to promote the implementation of the strategic goal of "giving priority to supporting a number of high-quality brand events" in sports industry, accelerating the CBA league brand construction, better serving the high-end demands of fans, media and sponsors", the present paper, based on an diagnosis of the problems with NBC All Star Weekend and by referring to the innovations of NBA, studies through field investigation, literature review and interview how to reform and optimize the event. Results show that: (1) major problems with the event include: arrangement of match time is not appropriate; choice of match location is not diversified; selection of stars attending the event is random; design of opening ceremony is drab; the items in the event are just simple imitations of other renowned events of the same type; round table interview is in disorder and social welfare activities are from being enough. (2) The reform and optimization path is:to halve the duration of the regular season; to hold matches in different regions of host cities; to optimize the selection of players; to simplify the opening ceremony; innovate the rules of game; to complete the Star interview; to introduce the retro game and to expand public welfare activities. Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis on Portal’s Dilemma Over Mobile Communication of Large-scale Sports Events LI Fang 2016, 42 (3):  61-65.  doi: 10.15942/j.jcsu.2016.03.011 Abstract ( 1847 )   PDF (1131KB) ( 1009 )   Save Taking the media environment paradigm as its logical starting point, the present paper conducts a study on the reports of 2014 Brazil World Cup and 2015 Asian Cup posted on Weibo, Wechat and news client of Sina, Tencent, Sohu and Netease-the four major portals in China. The author investigates from four dimensions-communication subject, communication content, users’ experience and communication ecology, the difficulties facing portal’s mobile communication of large-scale sports events and explores the practical way to promote the healthy and sustainable development so as to provide some implications for the transformation and development of portals. Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis on the Historical Evolvement and Support System of the German Football League PU Yijun, DAI Fuxiang, JIANG Changdong 2016, 42 (3):  66-72.  doi: 10.15942/j.jcsu.2016.03.012 Abstract ( 1541 )   PDF (1121KB) ( 1574 )   Save Using literature review, historical analysis and logical analysis, the present paper studies the German Football League (Bundesliga). Firstly, the paper analyzes the historical evolvement of the German Football League through its three periods i.e. the rising period, the adjustment period, the reform and revival period. Secondly, the paper studies the support system of the German Football League, finding that the economic and social support lies in the innovation of economic pattern and the rational social reform in Germany, the cultural and philosophical support comes from Germany’s unique cultural tradition and business philosophy, the systematic and management support lies in the German government’s strong support and the functional agencies’ performance of their duties, the educational support lies in the standardization of youth players training system and the promotion of campus football. Finally, the paper points outs the enlightenments that the German Football League provides for the football development in China, which include: deepening the management system and integrating management resources to construct football’s ecological circle; strengthening clubs’ public service function to build close connection between the development of campus football and that of social football; paying attention to clubs’ long-term planning and financial management to improve the health level of football leagues; strengthening the standardization of youth players training system and the efforts of developing youth football teaching materials and deepening the coach training system. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on Sports and Cross-cultural Communication ——A Historical Inspection Centering on British Coaches JIANG Yongcai, WANG Jing 2016, 42 (3):  73-76.  doi: 10.15942/j.jcsu.2016.03.013 Abstract ( 1617 )   PDF (1089KB) ( 1181 )   Save Most historians agree that British coaches have exerted great influence on the transmission of football to the European continent. However, nearly no one has ever studied what means and mechanisms were followed as the concept, knowledge and technologies about football were transmitted to the European continent. This present paper collected numerous literatures on coach migration and cross-cultural communication and studied the migration model and network of foreign coaches in Britain as well as how they apply their experiences to other countries. All of these prove that cross-cultural communication on football concept, knowledge and technologies is never as simple as we believe, the guiding principles as well as methodologies need to adapt to the changes of local environments. In contrast to engineers in the 19th century, football coaches in Britain have, through information and knowledge exchanges on football and arrangement of football players, become typical characteristic of the emerging transnational sports network. Related Articles | Metrics

SPORT TRAINING AND COMPETITION

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Study on the Choreography Structure and Characteristics of Collaborative Movement in Group Event of Rhythmic Gymnastics in China WANG Min, ZHAO Yanan 2016, 42 (3):  77-82.  doi: 10.15942/j.jcsu.2016.03.014 Abstract ( 1470 )   PDF (1093KB) ( 1347 )   Save Using literature review, video analysis, mathematical statistics, the present paper analyzes the top eight teams’ choreography structure of formation and space, action type, and movement form in their 16 collaborative movements of "6 clubs+2 hoops" and "5 ribbons" in the 2015 National Rhythmic Gymnastics Championships with the aim of exploring the choreography shortcomings and proposing appropriate strategies so as to improve the overall choreography level of completions of rhythmic gymnastics group event in China. Results: The collaborative movements are the essence of rhythmic gymnastics group event under the New Cycle in China; The ability to use apparatus limits the diversity of collaborative movement formation,which in turn affects its diverse choreography effect; The simple physical trajectories hinder the display of the spatial forms of collaborative movements, which in turn affects its multiple levels of spatial effects; Lack of collaborative movement choreography types prevents the application of high technologies to the improvement of its artistic level. Original formations, unique types and perfect performance are the new factors to innovate the collaborative movement choreography of rhythmic gymnastics group event in China. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Change Pattern of Volleyball Players’ Speed and Success Rate of Jump Services in the Core Strength Training Process and Its Improvement Mechanism FAN Yao 2016, 42 (3):  83-89.  doi: 10.15942/j.jcsu.2016.03.015 Abstract ( 1727 )   PDF (1367KB) ( 1390 )   Save Objcetive: By testing the variation of stability, speed of jump services and the success rate of volleyball players, the mechanism on how core training improves the speed and success rate of jump services is discussed here. Method: 36 volleyball players of various proficiency level were trained 3 times a week for 16 weeks, with five tests on side bridging,medicine ball side slamming , 1-min sit-ups, speed and success rate of jump services taken respectively before core training(H0), by the end of the fourth week(H1), by the end of the eighth week(H2), by the end of the twelfth week(H3), and by the end of the sixteenth week(H4). Result: The 36 athletes have acquired significant improvement in core stability. Changes are significant in time spent on left and right side bridging and amount of sit-ups during phase H2-H1, H3-H2 and H4-H3. There is improvement on the distance of medicine ball side slamming during phase H4-H3 but no significant difference is noticed. Moreover, during phase H3-H2 there appears great increase and athletes with higher proficiency level experience more improvement. Speed and success rate of their jump services increase greatly compared to what was recorded before training. There is significant difference in the increasing of speed of jump services during phase H2-H1、H3-H2. Significant difference in the increasing of success rate of their jump services has been noticed during phase H2-H1、H3-H2 and H4-H3, and during phase H3-H2 athletes with higher proficiency level experienced less significant improvement in success rate of their jump services. Conclusion: The stability of core musculature in different horizontal planes of the human body might be the key to influence the speed of jump services. The mechanism on how core training influences the speed and success rate of jump services may lie in the joint effect of core stability of different horizontal planes of the human body. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Kinematical Characteristics and Correlational Analysis of Chinese Elite Male Long Jumpers at the Run-up and Take off Phase JIANG Yunfei, YANG Ming, CHENG Liang, WU Xinhua 2016, 42 (3):  90-95.  doi: 10.15942/j.jcsu.2016.03.016 Abstract ( 1555 )   PDF (1119KB) ( 1138 )   Save Objective: To discuss the correlation of China’s elite male long jumpers’ scores with their kinematical parameters including speed, distance, angle and angular velocity. Methods: Used German SIMI-Motion 9.01 to analyze the video of men’s long jump final at the 12th national games, compared Chinese excellent long jumpers’ kinematical parameters with that of their foreign counterparts, and made a Pearson analysis on the correlation of Chinese long jumpers’ (n=7) scores with their kinematical parameters in the run-up and takeoff phases. Results: (1) In the run-up phase, the Chinese group’s average speed respectively at the reversed 6 meter point, the second last step and the last step is significantly lower than that of the foreign group (P<0.05). The Chinese group’s average step length at the third last step and the second last step is much less than that of the foreign group (P<0.01). Jumpers’ scores were in moderate significant positive correlation with their average speed in the distance from the reversed 11 meter point to the reversed 6 meter point. Likewise, their scores were in highly positive correlation with their average speed at the second last step and the last step. (2) In the takeoff phase, the Chinese group’s board-stamping angle, hip rotation angle of take off, average angular velocity of swing leg and average vertical velocity of spring-up are much less than that of the foreign group (P<0.05), while their loss rate of horizontal velocity is significantly higher than that of the foreign group (P<0.05). Jumpers’ scores were in moderate significant positive correlation with their hip rotation angle of takeoff, average angular velocity of swing leg, velocity of spring-up, in low significant positive correlation with their horizontal velocity and vertical velocity of spring-up, and in highly significant negative correlation with their takeoff time. Conclusion: Increasing the pre-takeoff step length, step speed and board-tramping angle, improving the angular velocity of swing leg and the vertical velocity of spring-up, and reducing the lose rate of horizontal velocity are important kinematical factors to the improvement of Chinese male long jumpers’ scores. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on the Technical Characteristics of Elite Men’s 100 m Breaststroke Swimmers WU Xiaobin 2016, 42 (3):  96-101.  doi: 10.15942/j.jcsu.2016.03.017 Abstract ( 1282 )   PDF (1150KB) ( 1075 )   Save This study uses Dartfish5.5 softwareat the speed of 25 frames/s to analyzethe technical styles and characteristics of elite men’s 100m breaststroke swimmers including Kosuke Kitajima, Hansen, ZhiXie, Vanderburgh from the competition improvement phase to the competition maintenance phase. The results are as follows: (1)The key to the elite men’s 100m breaststroke swimmers’ success is to maintain a high stroke frequency. (2) Elite men’s 100m breaststroke swimmers have the following technical characteristics: The body is in a high and flat position; trunk, waist and legsare in coordinated motion; leg motion features narrow and quick recovery, and narrow kick; arms have wide and deep pull.(3)Elite men’s 100m breaststroke swimmers’horizontal speed of gravity exhibits the characteristic of obvious "double dip double peak". Kick and pull are the two main movements to generate propulsive force, the maximum speed within the cycle of a single movement occurs when armsstroke inside, while kick produces stronger propulsive force than pull.Therefore, more attention needs to be paid to improving legtechniques. Related Articles | Metrics

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Classification of Backspins and Analysis of Reasons of Ball Going Offline When Chopped TANG Dongyang, XU Zhijuan, XU Jinlu 2016, 42 (3):  102-105.  doi: 10.15942/j.jcsu.2016.03.018 Abstract ( 1579 )   PDF (1090KB) ( 1402 )   Save To intensify acknowledge about backspin and reduce the failure rate of chopping and enhance the effect of teaching and training, this text will apply document-based approach, video-observation method as well as expert counseling method to classify backspins which tend to go offline and summarize the different features. Finally, it will classify the selection of striking time, whipping direction and techniques when chopping different backspins based on the physical analysis of kinematic and mechanical causes of going offline. Related Articles | Metrics

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Advances in Study on Normalized Strength Assessment Method Based on the Allometric Theory ZHANG Weilei, LIU Ye 2016, 42 (3):  106-110.  doi: 10.15942/j.jcsu.2016.03.019 Abstract ( 1531 )   PDF (1103KB) ( 1464 )   Save The allometric theory which describes the relationship between organisms’ structure and their inner function has important implications for comparing different properties of some organisms and has been widely accepted in biology. In recent years, much research has been done on applying the allometric theory to sports sciences in some countries. As a result, the concept of “Normalized Strength”, which is based on the allometric theory, has been developed and used for assessing the muscle strength of individuals of various sizes. This paper analyzed the relevant documents, which were collected from CNKI、PubMed、EBSCO through inputing such keywords as “异速生长”(allometric),“肌力评价”(muscle strength assessment),“allometric scaling”, and “normalized strength”, and concluded that “normalized strength”is a method of converting strength calculations, and has high level of feasibility and validity in that it can rule out the influence of body size on the assessment results. However, the allometric indexes are influenced by many factors, making its application limited. Sports scientific researchers need to resolve this problem in their future work. Related Articles | Metrics

SPORT SCIENCE OF HUMAN BODY

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Experimental Research on the Effect of Vibration Frequency on Vibration Training of Muscle Strength LIU Beixiang, LIU Xiaoya, DAI Wei 2016, 42 (3):  111-115.  doi: 10.15942/j.jcsu.2016.03.020 Abstract ( 1687 )   PDF (1130KB) ( 1233 )   Save Objective: to study the effect of vibration frequency on the vibration training of muscle strength and its mechanism through subjects’ weight-bearing squat training at different vibration frequencies. Methods: Thirty male college students were chosen as subjects to do weight-bearing squat training at different vibration frequencies on the vibration table. A three-dimensional image measuring instrument and a force platform were used to collect the kinematical and dynamic data of 50cm deep jump and weight-bearing squat synchronously. The Swiss multi-joint isokinetic muscle strength testing system was used to collect muscle strength indicators of knee joint centripetal and centrifugal contraction. The data collected before and after the experiment were statistically analyzed. Results: In terms of deep jump-related impulse, rebound time and rebound height, the high-frequency group is obviously superior to the low-frequency group. In terms of weight-bearing squat-related maximum force, stretching time and changing range of impulse, the high-frequency group is superior to the low-frequency group too. The high-frequency group presents a better performance than the low-frequency group in terms of peak torque of muscle strength and the increasing range of maximum power. Conclusion: higher vibration frequency (35-45Hz) is more conducive to improving the plyometric exercise capacity of lower extremity muscles, both the centripetal ability and energy reservation of leg extensor muscle group and both the peak torque and the maximum working efficiency of knee joint in centrifugal and centripetal movements. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of Acute Incremental Load Exercise on SOD activity and mRNA in Skeletal Muscle of Mice WANG Ping, LI Chunguang, QI Zhengtang, DING Shuzhe 2016, 42 (3):  116-121.  doi: 10.15942/j.jcsu.2016.03.021 Abstract ( 1307 )   PDF (1139KB) ( 1445 )   Save Objective: To investigate the changes of the content of NO and activity of eNOS,the mRNA expression and the activity changes of MnSOD and CuZnSOD on acute incremental exercisein skeletal muscle of mice and explore the effects of antioxidant defense system. Methods: thirty male ICR mice were randomly divided into control group (C), 45min exercise group (E1, n=6), 90min exercise group (E2, n=6), 120min exercise group (E3, n=6) and 150min exercise group (E4, n= 6). Mice in exercise groups were trained through treadmill exercise (0°grade, 5m/min, 5min/day) for 3 days. After adaptation, mice in exercise groups underwent treadmill exercise to the corresponding time set up. Exercise patterns are as follows: First, 8.2m/min, 0 grade, 15min; second, 15m/min, 5% grade, 15min; third, 19.3m/min,10% grade. At the end of exercise, all mice were killed and their gastrocnemius muscle were obtained. Left one was used as mitochondria extraction, right one was measured by Real-time PCR. Results: (1) Compared with control group,NO content significantly increased after 45min exercise (P<0.05), 90min((P<0.01)), 120min and 150min (P<0.05) and reached the peak at 90 min. eNOS activity significantly increased after 45min exercise (P<0.05), 90min(P<0.01), 120min (P<0.05) and reached the peak at 90min.But the eNOS activity didn’t increase in 150min group significantly (P<0.05);(2) MnSOD activity was significantly increased after 45min exercise (P<0.05), 90min, 120min and 150min (P<0.01) and reached the peak at 120min.But the CuZnSOD activity didn’t increase in all exercise groups significantly (P<0.05); (3) Compared with control group, MnSOD mRNA significantly increased after 45min exercise (P<0.05), 90min, 120min and 150min (P<0.01) and reached the peak at 150min.But the CuZnSOD mRNA didn’t increase in all exercise groups significantly (P<0.05).Conclusion: MnSOD is the key SOD enzyme in response to the acute incremental exercise, which forms a protective cycling mechanism in acuteskeletal muscle exercise. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Greco-Roman Wrestling Athletes’ Heat Adjustment in Hot and Humid Environment and the Effect of Rehydration HOU Xihe,WANG Renwei,WU Weibing,LI He,SHENG Zetian 2016, 42 (3):  122-126.  doi: 10.15942/j.jcsu.2016.03.022 Abstract ( 1512 )   PDF (1086KB) ( 1255 )   Save Objective: To investigate Greco-roman wrestling athletes’ heat adjustment in hot and humid environment and the effect of rehydration. Methods: 8 wrestling athletes, aged 16.1±2.3, having VO2max of 44.5ml/kg/min and trained for 3.8±1.7 years, were chosen as subjects. The subjects were arranged to do exercises respectively in environment of normal temperature and humidity, in hot and humid environment and in hot and humid environment with rehydration. The interval between every two exercise processes was 10 days and the exercise intensity was 70%VO2max. Athletes’ core body temperature was tested before and after every experiment, and their blood lactic acid and heart rate were tested during the experiments, and their sweat was collected for the test of sweat electrolytes before and after every experiment. Results: (1) In hot and humid environment, athletes’ core body temperature, blood lactic acid, heart rate and sweat ion density were all significantly higher than in environment of normal temperature and humidity, while athletes’ exercise duration becomes much shorter; (2) In hot and humid environment, rehydration can dramatically lower athletes’ core body temperature, while increase athletes’ exercise duration. Conclusion: hot and humid environment can generate a significant influence on athletes’ exercise ability. Their core body temperature, blood lactic acid, heart rate increase significantly, their sweat ion loss is obvious, and their exercise duration becomes shorter. rehydration has a positive role in reducing the loss of sweat ion and maintaining exercise ability. Related Articles | Metrics